An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay - 838 Words

An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an American poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). His poem will be the basis of the discussion of this brief essay. The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through, perhaps to some higher truth, to something beyond the mere physical presence of the tree. As night approaches, the sash or movable portion of the window is lowered, perhaps to prevent the†¦show more content†¦Continuing his statement with And if you have seen me when I slept, / You have seen me when I was taken and swept / And all but lost. The narrator may be referring to actual sleeping patterns in which people sleep so soundly that they are unaware of things happening around them. Lost may also be defined as being helpless or having a lack of self confidence (Webster 681). There is a nightmarish quality to these lines, also. In the fourth and final stanze, the poet begins to talk of the day she put our heads together / Fate had her imagination about her, / Your head so much concerned with outer, / Mine with inner, weather. Until this point no differentiation has been made regarding gender; however, in this stanza, femal pronouns are mentioned three times. Interesetingly, according to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, fate, in classical methology, was represented by three goddesses who determined the course a humans life would take (417). The narrator observes that the tree seems to be more interested in the forces of Mother Nature and the elements upon its bark and leaves compared to himself. The narrator seems to be preoccupied with what occurs within, perhaps in his mind, soul, or spirt. The narrator ends with the word weather, which could represent the literal sunshine, rain, etc.Show MoreRelated An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay example826 Words   |  4 Pages  An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The poem Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an America poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through,Read MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 Pagescontinued their dreams, and went to college, but after a semester he dropped out. For the next two years, he was a labor worker and wrote poetry (Sullivan). New England became the inspirations to all of his works of poetry. He published his first poem â€Å"My Butterfly† in 1894 in the New York Independent. He was so ecstatic with his accomplishment that in 1895 he proposed to Elinor White, but she refused his proposal because she wanted to finish college (Robert Frost). After waiting some time on December

The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Essay

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Eighth Amendment, 1791 The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits the punishments that may be imposed by the government on American citizens. These limits are compulsory among the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 expressed concern with arbitrary and disproportionate sanctions, giving way to the Founders inclusion of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. To explore the Eighth Amendment it is important to consider constitutionally accepted punishments, the ever-evolving practice of capital punishment, and eighth amendment protection inside prison walls.†¦show more content†¦The Supreme Court upholds the Excessive Fines Clause only as it pertains to fines imposed by and paid directly to the government. â€Å"The court noted the word ‘fine’ was understood to mean a payment to a sovereign as punishment for some offense.† (U.s. constitution: Eight, 2011) Eighth Amendment protection, therefor e, does not extend to the punitive damages imposed by a civil jury in cases between private parties. The Court has since held in Austin v. United States (1993) that protection does exist in cases involving civil forfeiture since it is intended as punishment. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment largely concerns itself with disproportionate and arbitrary punishments imposed by the government. â€Å"The Court has repeatedly emphasized the Eighth Amendment’s expansive and vital character and its capacity for evolutionary growth.† (Kanovitz, 2010) Cruelty is interpreted as actions that oppose current standards of decency. As public opinion grows and changes these standards are apt to change. The vague wording of the Eighth Amendment allows room for the opinion of what punishments are acceptable to adapt to modern times. There has been unrelenting controversy over the years concerning the constitutionality of matters such as mandatory minimum sentences and t hree strikes laws, life without parole for juvenile offenders and capital punishment. Mandatory minimum sentences began in 1951 when Congress passed the Boggs Act, allowing for tough mandatoryShow MoreRelatedSupreme Court Cases and the Eighth Ammendment865 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Bill of Rights and the U.S. Constitution had more purpose; The Bill of Rights was meant to give citizens of the U.S. promising freedom to rely on. The Constitution set terms for the U.S. to abide by. The Constitution was established for the people and was a social contract; it was an agreement between the government and society to protect the nation’s deserved rights and liberties. The Bill of Rights was included in the Constitution; it is the first ten amendments which were included to guaranteeRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment and Death Penalty Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eight Amendment to the U.S. Constitution â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cr uel and unusual punishment inflicted†, proposed on 9/25/1789 and approved on 12/15/1791. The cruel and unusual punishment confines the harshness of penalties that state and federal governments may inflict upon ones who have been condemned of a criminal offense. The excessive fines phrase restricts the amount that state and federal governments may possibly fine an individual for aRead MoreRelationship Between The Federal Government And The States1137 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment and the states is well stable. The Federal government has powers given by the Constitution as well powers or privileges are given to the states which promotes a balance between the two so that our country is not ruled under one specific party or group. The question now is that, are the states rights more than well protected in the current constitution and the political practice. The Constitution is the structure of a political system. It establishes governmental bodies, grants powersRead MoreThe Bill of Rights: The Most Important Documents in American History1579 Words   |  6 Pagesthe inclusion of a Bill of Rights into the Constitution, Congress did not approve the inclusion of twelve Amendments, or Twelve Articles, until September 25, 1789 (History of the Bill of Rights, 2012). While the first two amendments were rejected, the first ten Amendments of the Constitution make of the United States Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was formally ratified on December 15, 1791 (Independence Hall Association, 2012). The First Amendment protects an individuals freedom of speechRead MoreThe Case Plessy V Ferguson Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesonly† car and was subsequently arrested despite being only a eighth black. In the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 took place during the era of Jim Crow laws which advocated for separate but equal laws. Plessy was presumed colored due to the one-eighth black factor under the Louisiana law. It was held that Plessy was guilty since the race-based Jim Crow laws, which were applied in his conviction, were not in violation of the Constitution as long as the State of Louisiana proffered the separate but equalRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Is It Constitutional Or Moral? Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1776, a new guideline of rights was ratified. These rights make up the Constitution of America and lay down an expectation for the treatment of America’s citizens. However, is the death penalty appropriate or even constitutional in this age? One of the most shunned occurrences in the lives of colonials was the unjust, brutal execution of individuals for opposing Great Britain. Therefore, the framers of the constitution Dyess 2 created rights to protect Americans from wrongful death, improperRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Criminal Justice System1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmany obstacles they will face. The United States Constitution contains rights for offenders which allows their process through the criminal justice system to be smoother and make sure they are being treated fairly. I will cover the impact of the United States Constitution for the offender in the criminal justice system. This will include the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendments as well as due process for offenders. The fourth amendment is, â€Å"The portion of the Bill of Rights that generallyRead MoreConstitutional Conflict of the Dealth Penalty Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagespenalty has changed over the years. For centuries societies have used death as the ultimate penalty for crime. In the 1960s, the court ruled against the death penalty as a cruel and unusual punishment, which was forbidden by the eighth amendment of the Constitution. By the 1990s the death penalty was again in wide use supported by the court and Congress, which continually expanded by legislation the crimes for which death would be an acceptable penalty. Supreme Court cases that have felt theRead MoreThe First Amendment : Basic Liberties Of People891 Words   |  4 PagesThe First Amendment: Basic Liberties of People Freedom of Religion: This means that the government cannot force people to accept one set of religious beliefs nor can it interfere with the way they worship in private or public. People can believe what they want with no fear of repercussions from the government. Freedom of Speech: This basic liberty entitles all Americans to say what they think, but not to the point of saying false claims about others. They can say their opinion out loud to convinceRead MoreBill of Rights Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Brant gives a summary of how these amendments proposed by James Madison, would be added quickly to the Constitution: The first ten amendments were added to the Constitution of the United States in a period of uneasy calm. The Americans who were most apprehensive over that untried document, because its guarantees of liberty did not go far enough, included a great many who wanted to cut down its grants of legislative and executive power. But the amendments were drafted and submitted to the nation

The 3 Ds Dementia - Delirium and Depression- Free Sample

Question: Case study about the 3 Ds Dementia, Delirium and Depression. Answer: Introduction According to the fact sheet published by WHO (World Health Organization), dementia can be considered as a syndrome, which can cause severe deterioration in behavior, thinking process, memory and as well as everyday activities. According to the research study of Steen et al. (2013), it is recognized that older people are the most vulnerable groups towards dementia. However, it was argued by Wall and Duffy (2010), who stated in their paper that despite the vulnerability of the older people towards dementia, it is found that the association of dementia with aging is not very normal. Worldwide it is found that there are 47.5 million people who are affected by dementia (Potter et al. 2011). The evidence also reflects that there are approximately 7.7 million new cases have been reported in every year (Dickens et al. 2011). Dementia is detected as one of the important reasons behind the dependency and disability among the older people in Australia (Yaffe et al. 2011). The research study of Cruz-Jentoft et al. (2010) reflects that dementia not only has social, psychological, physical as well as the economical impact on the patients but also on the families, cares givers, and close personals. This chronic disease is progressive in nature, in which the cognitive functions of the patients start deteriorating. Dementia can be caused by different reasons such as the death of brain cells due to severe injuries in the brain and occurrence of Alzheimers or brain stroke. The occurrence of dementia can mainly affect thinking orientation, learning capacity, calculation, comprehension, judgment and language of the patient. Brief history of the case studies Mr. David Geoffrey is a patient of 88 old, who has been transported to ED from his home. Mr. David Geoffrey lives with his wife (86-year-old) and a grandson, who take care of him. Mr. David Geoffrey had a medical history of CVA 20 years ago. Recently he is diagnosed with dementia. Apart from these, he is also diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, glaucoma and diabetes type 2. He has shifted emergency department due to his sudden ill behaviour with the care giver who helps him to take a bath and increasing incontinent of Urine and feces. After the primary treatment in ED, Mr. David Geoffrey recovered from his current situation and therefore shifted to the medical ward. It is found that he has bilateral deafness and no longer uses his hearing aids. Because of his increasing incontinent of Urine as well as faeces, he was admitted to the acute care hospital. After seven days of admitting him in the medical ward, it is found that he becomes increasing dependent on the nurses to perform all of the daily activities. After running different tests including a mini mental state examination, the doctors decided to send him to the residential aged care near his house under the surveillance of the ACAT team. Doctor prescribed him several medicines, which may include metformin, digoxin, insulin and enteric coated aspirin. First, five days he stayed in bed then he started using his "comfortable chair, even started playing poker with his son. However, it is found that his condition deteriorated again, and he developed Urinary infection with a groin rash. It is also recognized that he started ill-behaving with his care givers in such a way that most of the staffs are now fearful of Mr. David Geoffrey. Many staffs said that sometimes he speaks like he is a baby and also admonishing him. According to the doctors despite his playing cards and answering close ended questions he is a victim of severe dementia and developed severe memory problems. Issues identified From the case study of Mr. David Geoffrey, several health-related issues were identified. From the case study, it is evident that Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from acute dementia. However, apart from dementia, it is found that there is also other health related issues that are bothering Mr. David Geoffrey. The identified health issues in the provided case study are as follows- David Geoffrey is an 88 old person; therefore, it is certain that he is going through some health-related issues due to his aging. He is diagnosed with dementia in his later life David Geoffrey is also suffering from atrial fibrillation David Geoffrey is suffering from Diabetes Type 2 David Geoffrey is also diagnosed with glaucoma. David Geoffrey has a speaking problem due to CVA, which occurred 20 years ago David Geoffrey is also suffering from bilateral deafness and does not like to use his hearing aids. David Geoffrey is suffering from increasing confusion and a lack of decision making ability David Geoffrey is showing increasingly incontinent of urine and faeces. The behavior of Mr. David Geoffrey with his care givers is decreasing in a continuous manner. David Geoffrey scored only 19 in Mini-Mental State Examination, which reflects his continuously fading memories. Past medical history Mr. David Geoffrey is a poor person who is 88 years old and suffering from dementia. While exploring the medical history of Mr. David Geoffrey, it is recognized that he had suffered from CVA, which occurred 20 years ago. According to Witlox et al. (2010), Cerebrovascular attack (CVA) can be developed due to the bad circulation of blood in the blood vessels, which supplies blood to the brain. In this disease, the brain blood vessels become damaged in such a way that it causes severe health-related issues, such as muscle weakness in the body, blurred vision, balance disorder, reduced sensations of touch, and weakness in limbs, headache, mental confusion and slurred speech. Due to the occurrence of this disease, Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from most of the health related issues especially difficulty in speaking, speech loss, mental confusion and partial deafness. Medications From the case study, it is found that the doctor suggested a list of medicines for the help of poor Mr. David Geoffrey. The list of medicines may include metformin, digoxin, enteric coated aspirin, and insulin. However, these medicines were prescribed to him before his admission in the residential aged care. When his condition deteriorated in the residential aged care, and he was diagnosed with urinary tract infection with a groin rash, the doctor prescribed a number of antibiotics with zinc cream application to the groin. The doctor also prescribed him risperidone for his aggression coupled with antidepressant considering his present mental conditions (Goodman et al. 2010). Assessment undertook According to Scandol, Toson and Close (2013), it is recognized that the diagnosis of dementia can be made only after a proper assessment. In this case study, the doctor also followed a particular assessment procedure to determine the present condition of the patient (Mr. David Geoffrey). The identified assessment procedure is as follows- Collecting data about the medical history of Mr. David Geoffrey Cognitive state examination Mental state examination with the help of Mini-Mental State Examination Physical examination of Mr. David Geoffrey Other biochemical tests From this case study, it is found that the doctor used a number of assessment procedure step by step depending on the current physical and mental condition of Mr. David Geoffrey. However, the analysis of medical history has been done before the deteriorating condition of Mr. David Geoffrey's health. After completion of assessment procedure, the doctor diagnosed Mr. David Geoffrey as a dementia patient in his acute condition and prescribed proper medicines and ordered proper interventions too help Mr. David Geoffrey. Brief Outline of Pathophysiology Dementia is considered as a result of different types of brain diseases as well as several system degenerations. Although Cooke et al. (2010) showed the Alzheimers disease is the main reason behind the occurrence of dementia, it was argued by Sydenham et al. (2012), who stated that dementia can take place due to several reasons that can lead to the damage of brain cells and resulted in dementia. The primary dementia is progressive and irreversible in nature. The primary dementia is consists of two distinct types such as dementia of the Alzheimers type (DAT) and vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia). The genetic factors of dementia are as follows- Familial Alzheimers disease, which is coupled genetic disorders on the chromosome number 1, 14, and 21 (Declercq et al. 2013). The mutation of the genes on the chromosome number 1 and 14 are particularly responsible for the occurrence of this disease, which normally encode for amyloid precursor protein. The excess presence of apolipoprotein E4 (Apoe4), a cholesterol-bearing protein on the chromosome number 19, is found among the patients who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease than that of the general population (Sinclair et al. 2011). The biochemical factors- People with Alzheimers disease are experiences a relative deficient of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter and helps to transfer signals to the brain (Sousa et al. 2010). The presence of amyloid plaques, as well as neurofibrillary, is found in the brain of the Alzheimer's patients. Slow viral infection, as well as autoimmune processes, can lead towards dementia. Secondary dementia can take place due to several reasons such as-Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic meningitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease, Wilsons disease, Thalamic dementia, Anaemia, Deficiency states, Cardiac or pulmonary failure, Hepatic encephalopathy (Cowdell, 2010). After the diagnosis of Mr. David Geoffrey, it is recognized that he is not a victim of Alzheimers disease. Therefore, it can be assumed that in the case of Mr. David Geoffrey, the growing age, and long term cardio vascular disease is the main reason behind the occurrence of dementia. Pharmacological treatments According to the case study, it is recognized that Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from acute dementia. Therefore, a number of behavioural and psychological problems are experiencing by him. After discharging from the hospital, the doctor prescribed him several medicines, which may include metformin, digoxn, insulin and enteric coated aspirin. The metformin and insulin were prescribed to control his type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, digoxn was prescribed to treat his poor cardiovascular condition. Enteric coated aspirin was also prescribed to protect the heart. Therefore, it can be said that doctor did not mention any medicine in order to treat dementia. In order to treat dementia, donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine can be prescribed in a controlled dosage. Although these drugs were designed to treat Alzheimers disease, Tsopelas et al. (2011) showed that these drugs are extremely helpful to treat dementia patients, while applied in controlled dosages. Apart from these, antips ychotic drugs and antidepressants can be prescribed in order to control behaviour problems of Mr. David Geoffrey. Apart from prescribing medicines to treat Alzheimers, the doctor also needs to prescribe medicines for high cholesterol and high blood pressure since Mr. David Geoffrey is a patient of CAV. According to Sousa et al. (2010), application of these drugs cannot cure existing dementia, but they are proved as helpful to decrease the risks of heart disease and future stroke. Psychosocial requirements According to Moyle et al. (2011), psychosocial intervention is one of the most important weapons to fight against dementia and provide supports to the patients with dementia in order to help them to lead a better life. The selection of psychosocial interventions for dementia is dependent on the preferences as well as the needs of the patient. After evaluating current mental state of Mr. David Geoffrey and analyzing his basic needs, the following psychosocial interventions can be taken- "Behavioural management techniques centered on individual patients' behavior"- according to Prince et al. (2013), this intervention technique is helpful to reduce depression and other behavioural symptoms of Mr. David Geoffrey. Cognitive stimulation- according to Strydom et al. (2010), this intervention will be helpful for the reduction of depression as well as the agitated behaviour of Mr. David Geoffrey. Verbal and non-verbal communication behaviours- this intervention will be helpful in order to improve his communication skills and improve his life style. Staff communication techniques for use in daily routine- according to Forti et al. (2010), this technique is also helpful to improve the communication skill of Mr. David Geoffrey. Physical and psychosocial support According to the case study, Mr. David Geoffrey is an 88-year-old dementia patient, who lost all enthusiasm to be physically active. Mr. David Geoffrey is hugely dependent on his care givers, especially on the nurses for his well being. It is found that he is detached from all of the physical activities, and he spends most of his times on his bed. After seven days of admitting in the residential aged care he started to sit on his comfortable chair; however there were no signs of any other physical activities. In this situation, the following intervention can be provided to Mr. David Geoffrey as psychosocial and physical support- Support and encourage Mr. David Geoffrey to increase his fitness positive behaviour and physical function. Making verbal communication with Mr. David Geoffrey, in order to make him realize that he is not alone and have full support from his family. The nurses or staffs can educate him about the physical fitness so that he can be less dependent on the other people for his well-being (Clegg et al. 2013). Cognitive stimulation can be used as an intervention to reduce his depression and behavioural symptoms (Yaffe et al. 2013). Environmental considerations According to Cruz-Jentoft et al. (2010), the care plan of dementia should be developed based on the considerations of the environmental factors along with the psychosocial factors and the physical health of the patient. It is recognized that most of the behavioural concerns arise among the dementia patients due to specific environmental causes. Dementia patients are agitated as well as overwhelmed by the presence of several environmental stimulations. According to the case study, it is found that Mr. David Geoffrey is extremely agitated when he was admitted to the residential aged care. In order to help Mr. David Geoffrey, the staffs of this residential aged care need to be more patience and provide special care towards Mr. David Geoffrey. In addition, the family members need to visit him very often and spend a quality time with him so that he does not feel alone. The infrastructure or the environmental condition of the residential aged care need to be evaluated in order to find out which factors are making Mr. David Geoffrey agitated and overwhelmed. Generally, it is recognized that patients with dementia feel agitated in the presence of smoking or too many noises. Therefore, it can be said that the environment of the residential aged care plays an important role in the wellbeing of the patients with dementia. On the other hand, according to Witlox et al. (2010), it is recognized that the dementia patients feel agitated when the speaker uses lots of punctuations and phases that cannot be followed by them. Therefore, the speakers (staffs or care givers) need to make short and simple sentences while talking with Mr. David Geoffrey and help him out. The support of significant others Mr. David Geoffrey is an 88 years old dementia patient who was first admitted to the hospital for his urinary tract information. Later he was admitted to the residential aged care. Throughout this procedure, it is recognized that his family members were very supportive and helped him to take care of his health. However, it can be said that they need to be more careful and take more significant steps to help him. Such as, they family members need to visit him more frequently and use small and simple sentences to engage him in conversation. However, it is found that the family members were leaving their photographs and messages for him, which is indeed a significant step to help Mr. David Geoffrey. Future Planning After evaluating the present condition of Mr. David Geoffrey, it can be said that an extensive planning needs to be done in order to help Mr. David Geoffrey in future. The physical and psychosocial condition of Mr. David Geoffrey is deteriorating continuously. Therefore, the family members and the doctor need to make a proper future plan to help Mr. David Geoffrey lead a better life. According to Goodman et al. (2010), the future planning of a dementia patient may include legal planning, financial planning, developing a care team and end of life planning. Having a proper legal planning is important for a dementia patient to ensure their social security. The legal planning of Mr. David Geoffrey should include making necessary updates in existing legal documents, developing proper legal plans for the property. Developing a financial planning to maintain the costs of dementia treatment could be proved as beneficial. In addition, a care team can be developed with the close family members and care givers to ensure the security and privacy of Mr. David Geoffrey. Conclusion Dementia is considered as a curse to the society. It is recognized that a person who is affected with dementia have to go through two kinds of changes. After analysing the case study of Mr. David Geoffrey, these two kinds of changes are found as very prominent. First, Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from a gradual failure of the mental power, which may include reasoning and comprehension, ability to make right decisions and memory. The brain started reacting slowly and makes them less efficient to make judgments, calculate numbers, follow and understand complicated sentences, and taking decisions. Secondly, it is recognized that Mr. David Geoffrey is going through a change of social and psychological environment. In most of the case, it is noticed that the patient becomes the victim of social stigma and lose self-control. However, in this case, Mr. David Geoffrey had the full attention of his family and not necessarily suffered from social isolation or social stigma. On the other han d, the interventions are taken to help Mr. David Geoffrey are proved as beneficial to help him in order to lead a better life. However, it can be expected that the family should be more careful in future and spend more time with him in residential aged care in order to reduce his behavioural symptoms and improve the quality of his life style. Reference Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M.O. and Rockwood, K., 2013. Frailty in elderly people.The Lancet,381(9868), pp.752-762. Cooke, M., Moyle, W., Shum, D., Harrison, S. and Murfield, J., 2010. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on quality of life and depression in older people with dementia.Journal of Health Psychology,15(5), pp.765-776. Cooke, M.L., Moyle, W., Shum, D.H., Harrison, S.D. and Murfield, J.E., 2010. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia.Aging and mental health,14(8), pp.905-916. Cowdell, F., 2010. Care of older people with dementia in an acute hospital setting.Nursing Standard,24(23), pp.42-48. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Baeyens, J.P., Bauer, J.M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F.C., Michel, J.P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S.M. and Topinkov, E., 2010. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.Age and ageing, p.afq034. Declercq, T., Petrovic, M., Azermai, M., Vander Stichele, R., De Sutter, A.I., van Driel, M.L. and Christiaens, T., 2013. Withdrawal versus continuation of chronic antipsychotic drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,3. Dickens, A.P., Lang, I.A., Langa, K.M., Kos, K. and Llewellyn, D.J., 2011. Vitamin D, cognitive dysfunction and dementia in older adults.CNS drugs,25(8), pp.629-639. Forti, P., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Lucicesare, A., Olivelli, V., Mariani, E., Mecocci, P. and Ravaglia, G., 2010. Metabolic syndrome and risk of dementia in older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,58(3), pp.487-492. Goodman, C., Evans, C., Wilcock, J., Froggatt, K., Drennan, V., Sampson, E., Blanchard, M., Bissett, M. and Iliffe, S., 2010. End of life care for community dwelling older people with dementia: an integrated review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,25(4), pp.329-337. Moyle, W., Borbasi, S., Wallis, M., Olorenshaw, R. and Gracia, N., 2011. Acute care management of older people with dementia: a qualitative perspective.Journal of clinical nursing,20(3 4), pp.420-428. Potter, R., Ellard, D., Rees, K. and Thorogood, M., 2011. A systematic review of the effects of physical activity on physical functioning, quality of life and depression in older people with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,26(10), pp.1000-1011. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W. and Ferri, C.P., 2013. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), pp.63-75. Scandol, J.P., Toson, B. and Close, J.C., 2013. Fall-related hip fracture hospitalisations and the prevalence of dementia within older people in New South Wales, Australia: an analysis of linked data.Injury,44(6), pp.776-783. Sinclair, A.J., Paolisso, G., Castro, M., Bourdel-Marchasson, I., Gadsby, R. and Maas, L.R., 2011. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summary.Diabetes metabolism,37, pp.S27-S38. Sousa, R.M., Dewey, M.E., Acosta, D., Jotheeswaran, A.T., Castro Costa, E., Ferri, C.P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K.S., Pichardo, J.G.R. and Ramirez, N.G., 2010. Measuring disability across culturesThe psychometric properties of the WHODAS II in older people from seven low and middle income countries. The 10/66 Dementia Research Group population based survey.International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research,19(1), pp.1-17. Sousa, R.M., Ferri, C.P., Acosta, D., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K.S., Jotheeswaran, A.T., Hernandez, M.A.G., Liu, Z., Pichardo, G.R. and Rodriguez, J.J.L., 2010. The contribution of chronic diseases to the prevalence of dependence among older people in Latin America, China and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey.BMC geriatrics,10(1), p.1. Strydom, A., Shooshtari, S., Lee, L., Raykar, V., Torr, J., Tsiouris, J., Jokinen, N., Courtenay, K., Bass, N., Sinnema, M. and Maaskant, M., 2010. Dementia in older adults with intellectual disabilitiesepidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis.Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities,7(2), pp.96-110. Sydenham, E., Dangour, A.D. and Lim, W.S., 2012. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia.Sao Paulo Medical Journal,130(6), pp.419-419. Tsopelas, C., Stewart, R., Savva, G.M., Brayne, C., Ince, P., Thomas, A. and Matthews, F.E., 2011. Neuropathological correlates of late-life depression in older people.The British Journal of Psychiatry,198(2), pp.109-114. van der Steen, J.T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C.M., de Boer, M.E., Hughes, J.C., Larkin, P., Francke, A.L., Jnger, S., Gove, D., Firth, P. and Koopmans, R.T., 2013. White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care.Palliative medicine, p.0269216313493685. Wall, M. and Duffy, A., 2010. The effects of music therapy for older people with dementia.British Journal of Nursing,19(2), pp.108-113. Witlox, J., Eurelings, L.S., de Jonghe, J.F., Kalisvaart, K.J., Eikelenboom, P. and Van Gool, W.A., 2010. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis.Jama,304(4), pp.443-451. Yaffe, K., Laffan, A.M., Harrison, S.L., Redline, S., Spira, A.P., Ensrud, K.E., Ancoli-Israel, S. and Stone, K.L., 2011. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women.Jama,306(6), pp.613-619. Yaffe, K., Falvey, C.M., Hamilton, N., Harris, T.B., Simonsick, E.M., Strotmeyer, E.S., Shorr, R.I., Metti, A. and Schwartz, A.V., 2013. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus.JAMA internal medicine,173(14), pp.1300-1306.

Small Company Y2k Report Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL

Small Company Y2k Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Testing Procedure 3. Hardware and Software Compliance 4. Summary 1. Introduction Year 2000, Y2K or Millennium Bug! What is it? It is a problem resulting from the common programming practice of using only two-digits to store the year in software. The practice dates back to the 1950's when computers began to be used for business purposes. Using two digits for dates is benign and causes no harm so long as the next year is a larger number than the current year. For example software applications that use dates have no problem with the sequence of 95,96,97,98 and 99. However, when the century ends, the year 2000 will be stored as 00. Calculations or decisions, based on dates or time periods, can go seriously wrong. How is it fixed? Inregard to personal and small business computers, the problem is three fold. Firstly, the computer hardware must report the current date correctly. Many computers, especially early Pentiums, 486, 386 and 286 based machines, will on the 1st January 2000 Revert back to 1 April 1980 or some other date. Thus creating a potential problem until the correct date is re-entered - provided of course that the computer can be set manually to a date beyond 311299. Calculation of Leap Year dates may also be incorrect on some computers. Secondly, the computer software must carry out the correct calculations based on a four-digit year (e.g. 1999 or 2000 etc) rather than just using the last two digits. The supplier or manufacturer of the software should be approached to ascertain the compliance of their code, or their schedule to have it corrected and distributed. Thirdly, your data must be in the correct format - namely year described as a four-digit number. If your dates have been entered as described above (that is 15th Feb 1955 entered as 150255), then you have a data conversion to be carried out. Testing Procedure To determine if Windows NT 4.0 ,Win95 and would roll to the appropriate date, the control panel applet DATE&TIME(d&t) was used to change the dates. The machines d&t were set to the day before each date outlined in the memo. The machine date was changed to a control time of 11:59:45 PM in each case. The machine date was then allowed to roll to the date in question. The machine d&t was then reset to the previous date and control time. This time the machine was rebooted while the time was rolling to the date in question. In each case, after the time rolled, the date was checked to find the correct date. WinNT and Win95 Explorer was then opened and a file in the 'c:\winnt' and 'c:\windows' directory was changed to check whether or not a saved file corresponded with the correct date. The data from these tests is defined in the following table. 'Data & Time Tested' column are the Control values found in the memo. Both 'Post Test Date' columns are the dates found in each instance after the date rolled from the 'Date&Time Tested' column to the date in question. The 'Post Explorer check' was tested to see if the machine reported the right time. 'Post modification dates' are file dates after the file was saved to check the corresponding date. In each test, no problems with the d&t were encountered. Results: The testing actually caused several different things to happen to the OS. Whenever I rolled the date forward, The following directories changed the date associated with them: Windows NT Test C:\Winnt, C:\Winnt\System32, C:\Winnt\Fonts, C:\Temp. Windows 95 Test C:\Windows, C:\Windows\System, C:\Windows\Fonts, C:\Temp This seemed strange because the machine time stamp wouldn't roll back when the time was changed backwards, but this isn't part of the test procedure. When the time actually changes the date will roll forward and stay. It won't roll backwards. I don't know if this affects the testing but it would be totally impossible to rebuild the machine each time the test was run. This would take many hours to do and it probably won't affect the data anyway. Before I started testing, I looked on the Internet to see what Microsoft said about WinNT 4.0, Win95 and the y2k problem. On this site, there are links to all Microsoft Products. For WinNT 4.0, there were 4

Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Example

Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Example Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay Functions And Classification Of Operating Systems Essay The OS is the system package that controls the overall operation of the computing machine system. It manages the affiliated hardware, provides a platform to run application plans and an interface for users to interact with the computing machine system. It is responsible for recognizing and organizing memory devices, I/O devices and treating devices. Figure 10.1 displays the function of OS in the computing machine system. An OS provides two types of interfaces: Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) and Command Line Interface ( CLI ) . An OS responds and provides services to the users. Figure 10.1: Functions of OS in the Computer System 10.1.1 Functions of OS : An OS is the indispensable package in the computing machine system. It performs several undertakings to maintain the application package, hardware devices and users of the computing machine system coordination. The OS performs the undermentioned maps: Information Management Information direction refers to the set of services used for recovering, hive awaying, modifying and canceling informations from devices. It has two subsystems, file direction and I/O direction. Process Management Procedure direction is responsible for administering CPU clip between procedures. It besides involves pull offing memory and I/O resources across the procedure in the computing machine system. Memory Management Memory direction controls memory use. At any given case, memory direction keeps path available infinite to hive away the information. Application Programing Interface ( API ) The API assigns entree to application package on all connected hardware devices. User Interface User Interface provides interaction between the computing machine system and users. 10.2 Development of OS Operating systems evolved in seven stages. The six stages viz. unfastened store, batch processing, concurrent execution, timesharing, personal computer science and distributed systems, changed the manner users accessed the OS. Concurrent programming brings multiple innovations to do resource direction effectual. Table 10.2 shows stages and proficient development of an OS. An development of OS started from 1954, when Computer system had non OS, users use to run computing machine system manually. Phases of OS development of are as follows: Open Shop Open Shop introduced IBM 701 that was implemented the on celebrated IBM 701 machine. First user has to do apparatus as per the demand for each computer science. However, in this stage clip and money wasted in puting up machine manual. Users got fixed clip for calculating, although most of the clip was spent puting up the machine manually. Batch Processing Wastage of clip and money in the unfastened store stage was a consequence of user engagement. In this stage, it was clear that normal users were to be kept off from the calculating procedure. This stage besides revealed that the OS was capable of scheduling. Normal users put their occupations on a clout card merely to be processed by computing machine professionals subsequently. The BKS system was the released in this stage. Multiprogramming The aim of concurrent execution was to maintain the CPU every bit busy as possible to use its processing capacity wholly. At the initial phase of multiprogramming stage, the thought was to maintain following plan ready in the memory from where the CPU could take it up instantly. However, in the same stage, hardware interrupts were introduced. Hardware interrupts facilitated shift of procedures. The construct of hardware interrupts made multiprogramming more successful. It besides permitted I/O devices and treating devices to work at the same time. This procedure was called coincident peripheral operation on-line. The constructs of job-scheduling, demand paging, practical memory were introduced in the same stage. Atlas supervisor, B5000 system, Exec II system and Egdon systems were introduced in the concurrent execution stage. Time Sharing Time-sharing allowed processors to go to to petitions from other users while one user was busy executing some I/O map. This manner the CPU could go to to multiple procedures every bit good as users in lesser clip spans. CTSS, Multics File system, Titan File system and UNIX were introduced in this stage. Concurrent The concurrent stage introduced the characteristic of running multiple undertakings at a clip called as multitasking. THE system, RC 4000 system, Venus system, Boss 2 system, Solo system, and Solo Program Text, were the concurrent OS introduced back so. Personal Computing In the personal computer science stage of development, user convenience was on the precedence than recourse direction. The GUI based OS and mouse based interactivity were introduced in this stage merely. OS, Alto system, Pilot system and star user interface were introduced in this stage. Distributed Systems This stage includes computer-networking constituents that enable message go throughing within computing machines and distant process call. WFS File waiters, Unix United RPC, Unix United system and Amoeba systems were launched in this stage. Phase Technical Development Operating System Phase 1: Open Shop An thought of operating systems 1. IBM 701 unfastened store ( 1954 ) Phase 2: Batch Processing Tape batching First-In First-Out and scheduling 2. BKS system ( 1961 ) Phase 3: Multiprogramming Processor multiplexing, Indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority programming and Distant occupation entry 3. Atlas supervisor ( 1961 ) 4. B5000 system ( 1964 ) 5. Exec II system ( 1966 ) 6. Eldon system ( 1966 ) Phase 4: Timesharing Coincident user, interaction and On-line file systems 7. CTSS ( 1962 ) 8. Multics File system ( 1965 ) 9. Titan File system ( 1972 ) 10. Unix ( 1974 ) Phase 5: Concurrent Programing Hierarchical systems, Extensile meats, Parallel programming constructs and Secure analogue linguistic communications 11. THE system ( 1968 ) 12. RC 4000 system ( 1969 ) 13. Venus system ( 1972 ) 14. Boss 2 system ( 1975 ) 15. Solo system ( 1976 ) 16. Solo plan text ( 1976 ) Phase 6: Personal Computer science Graphic user interfaces 17. OS 6 ( 1972 ) 18. Alto system ( 1979 ) 19. Pilot system ( 1980 ) 20. Star user interface ( 1982 ) Phase 7: Distributed Systems Distant waiters 21. WFS File waiter ( 1979 ) 22. Unix United RPC ( 1982 ) 23. Unix United system ( 1982 ) 24. Amoeba system ( 1990 ) Table 10.1: Development of OS 10.3 OS Kernel and shell Every OS consists of a meat and shell. The shell is the user interface, either a CLI or a GUI. This allows the user to login and utilize the computing machine system. The meat is the nucleus of an OS. The OS meat is more complex and is hard to work with straight, therefore the meat is wrapped in a shell A meat consists of the followers: File Manager- A file director provides interface for user to work with file. It performs actions on files such as create, edit, rename, unfastened, edit and so on.. In add-on, it maintains size and permissions about files that are available on the system. Device Driver . Device driver is a plans that controls a specific hardware devices. Each device has alone driver that converts user petition for device to specific cryptography. Memory Manager The memory director responsible for optimal use of the system memory. It allocates and de-allocates memory for hive awaying informations and plans. Scheduler- The scheduler maintains records of present procedures put to deathing by the OS and adds new procedures to the OS. Dispatcher The starter manages procedures. It divides clip into little part such as 50 second, when the clip part is over ; dispatcher allows following procedure to run. 10.4 Categorization of OS Oss have been classified based on parametric quantities such as figure of users that at the same time used the computing machine system, the figure of procedure that OS performs at a clip, and the figure of togss that OS can manage at a clip. The categorization is as follows: Single-User A single-user operating system allows merely one user to login the computing machine system. Single-user OS are intended for place users merely. Multi-user Thie multi-user OS allows multiple users to login and use the computing machine system. In this instance, the OS allocates different resources for each user so that any a job with one user does non impact other users. Single-task The single-task OS permits merely one procedure to run at a clip. Multi-tasking The multi-tasking OS permits multiple plans to put to death at the same clip. Users can run more than one undertaking at a clip. However, as multiple procedures runs at the same clip, this type of OS requires more memory. Multi-tasking OS semen in two theoretical accounts. They are: Time-sharing operating system -Time-sharing OSs usage algorithms to portion CPU clip between multiple procedures. This method creates an semblance that the CPU is put to deathing multiple procedures at the same time. Real-time operating system The real-time operating system is used to command industrial systems and scientific instruments. This type of OS manages computing machine system resources in a manner that specific operation should put to death in precise clip, every time.. 10.5 Operational overview On the boot, an OS makes certain that the system has the required hardware and package. When a user petitions for a resource such as IO or any application plan, the OS cheques permission and so decides whether to allow that petition or deny it. In a multi-user system, the OS agendas resources in a manner that ensures their handiness on petition. The OS records mistakes happening in the procedure. The OS should enter the mistake. The OS supports networking operations excessively. Devicess involved in OS operation are as follows: CPU A computing machine system supports several maps that should run at the same time. It might possible that multiple users are running their plans at the same case. The OS ensures that each user gets sufficient CPU clip to put to death the undertaking. Memory The OS helps users topographic point and recover informations from the primary memory. The OS besides takes attention of user informations that is stored in the secondary memory. Data in the secondary memory is brought to the primary memory on user petition. I/O devices The OS facilitates communicating with all I/O devices. It uses interrupt signals for the same. 10.6 Servicess Offered by OS The major aims of an OS are to do calculating convenient, run application plans and pull off the assorted resources. To accomplish these aims OS provide several services, they are as follows: Program Execution The OS provides users with a convenient environment to put to death plans. The user merely needs to originate plan executing while the OS takes attention of memory allotment for successful executing of the plan. I/O Operations Every procedure involves I/O operations ; nevertheless, internal I/O operations are non seeable to users. OS control all I/O operations. User may alter the default flow I/O operation, therefore for security grounds user are non involved in the I/O operation. File System Manipulation File system use, enables users to make or pull strings files in the OS environment without cognizing physical features of the device. Communicationss At times procedures need to pass on with each other to interchange information. This communicating could be between procedures put to deathing on the same computing machine or processes put to deathing on different computing machine systems. A communicating service enables computing machine system to interchange the procedure with other computing machine systems. Error Detection An mistake in the computing machine system leads to misfunctioning. The OS proctors computing machine systems for mistakes. 10.7 Chapter Review Questions GUI stands for ________________ . ( A ) Graphical User Interface ( C ) Graphical User Interaction ( B ) Group and User Interaction ( D ) None of the above Autonomic nervous system: A Which map of the OS is responsible for pull offing user s informations in the computing machine system? ( A ) Memory Management ( C ) Information Management ( B ) Process Management ( D ) Application Management Ands: Degree centigrade A __________ map allows users to interact with computing machine system. ( A ) Memory Management ( C ) Application Management ( B ) User Interaction ( D ) Information Management Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus A  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­__________phase of the OS development invents hardware interrupts. ( A ) Timesharing ( C ) Multi Programing ( B ) Concurrent Programing ( D ) None of the above Autonomic nervous system: Degree centigrade Which of the followers is an operating system s nucleus bed? ( A ) Kernels ( C ) Shell ( B ) Device Drivers ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: A Which constituent of the meat maintains records of current procedures, adds new procedures, and removes complex procedures. ( A ) Device Drivers ( C ) Starter ( B ) Scheduler ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus Which of the following are theoretical accounts of multitasking OS? ( A ) Timesharing OS ( C ) Real-time OS ( B ) Thread sharing OS ( D ) Real-process OS Autonomic nervous system: A and C 8. CLI stands for ________________________ . ( A ) Command Line Interaction ( C ) Common Line Interface ( B ) Command Line Interface ( D ) Common Line Interaction Autonomic nervous system: Bacillus 9. Which service of an OS allows users to pass on with other computing machines? ( A ) Communicationss ( C ) Program Execution ( B ) Mistake Detection ( D ) I/O Operationss Autonomic nervous system: A 10. A __________component of OS kernel is responsible for pass oning with devices. ( A ) File Manager ( C ) Device Drivers ( B ) Device director ( D ) None of these Autonomic nervous system: Degree centigrade 10.7.1 Answers 1. Angstrom 2. C 3. Bacillus 4. C 5. Angstrom 6. Bacillus 7. A and C 8. Bacillus 9. Angstrom 10. C Drumhead In the chapter, Introduction to Operating System, you learnt about: OS and undertakings performed by the OS Development and categorization of OSs Different maps of the OS Servicess offered by the OS

Cute Love Quotes

Cute Love Quotes Love quotes can be both romantic and sad. However, the ones that always make me smile are the cute love quotes. These charming quotes never fail to grab my attention. Use the following cute love quotes to bring a smile to the face of your beloved and show how much you care. American ProverbYou have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince.TalmudWhere love is, no room is too small.Jean-Francois de la HarpeWe never forget those who make us blush.AnonymousYou know when you have found your prince because you not only have a smile on your face but in your heart as well.​Joseph BarthMarriage is our last, best chance to grow up.Joanne WoodwardSexiness wears thin after a while and beauty fades, but to be married to a man who makes you laugh every day, ah, now thats a real treat.Erich SegalTrue love comes quietly, without banners or flashing lights. If you hear bells, get your ears checked.Pearl BaileyWhat the world really needs is more love and less paperwork.Mark TwainAfter all these years, I see that I was mistaken about Eve in the beginning; it is better to live outside the Garden with her than inside it without her.Lisa HoffmanLove is like pi: natural, irrational, and very important.AnonymousLove is when you wake up thinking of no one else but, that person!Robert FulghumWhen we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall into mutually satisfying weirdness and call it love true love.J. D. SalingerThats the thing about girls. Every time they do something pretty, even if theyre not much to look at, or even if theyre sort of stupid, you fall half in love with them, and then you never know where the hell you are.Zora Neale HurstonLove, I find, is like singing. Everybody can do enough to satisfy themselves, though it may not impress the neighbors as being very much.Sacha GuitryI am in favor of preserving the French habit of kissing the hands of ladies. After all, one must start somewhere.Guy de MaupassantA legal kiss is never as good as a stolen one.Michael LeunigLove one another and you will be happy. Its as simple and as difficult as that.

French and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French and American Revolution - Essay Example This taxation infuriated them as these taxes were never approved by the parliament of the respective colonies. The colonies stated that they are prepared to pay taxes, but not those which are not based on the principle of ignorance and are not equitable. Similarly, in the France, the monarchy imposed heavy taxes on the ordinary people of France to pay-off their trading debts. One important thing in this was that nobles and rich of France were not obliged to pay these taxes. This angered the ordinary population of France which was toiled and poked hard by the monarchy, they were subject to. Although, the cause of American Revolution is simple and very easily understandable, that is it was triggered due to Britain's greed, whereas the reason behind French revolution is very deeply rooted. Their King had divided the people into two social classes and from there he gave luxuries to the rich class at the expense of poor class. This left the poor class on the verge of Famine and this movement started which was aimed to depose the king. On the other hand, American Revolution also started to get rid of Britain from their homeland and to gain independence. From the above disFrom the above discussion, we can clearly identify that both of these movements were started by the oppressed and abused classes of the respective countries and were able to get rid of the authority which was oppressing them, but the end results were quite different for both of these nations. Americans on one hand were able to get rid of the British and gained independence and constituted their law, but French, on the other hand, were left only to see Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to the position of power. (Mark Steel, 2003) One reason for the difference in the outcomes of the two movements was the lack of organization and planning in French movement as compared to American Revolution. In the American movement, the Congress decided when to start the movement. They had a meeting and decided that they are ready to take over the government from the British, before rebelling against the foreign forces of oppression. The movement was entirely planned and once the Britishers left, Congress took over the government and gave American a gift of constitution for their long struggle against oppression. On the other hand, French were fighting against the upper social class. In the other words, they were not fighting for the self-rule, like the Americans, but they were rebelling against a tyranny that supported rich and nobles at the cost of ordinary people of France. Similarly, French did not have any authority to take over the government once the monarchy is deposed, whereas American had Congress to take over the g overnment after Britishers left. This gave the opportunity to Napoleon Bonaparte to seize the position of power and ultimately he ascended on the throne and once again, the French find themselves in the midst of monarchy. The reason behind this was that Americans were fighting against foreign forces which meant that if they win, the Britishers could be forced out, whereas it was different in the France's case, they were fighting among

Voices of wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Voices of wisdom - Essay Example There are many ways in which law can be unjust. It can prohibit conduct, which should be allowed. It can allow the conduct that must be allowed. It may be applied or enforced unfairly. Examples of unjust law are discussed in detail as hereunder. The chapter seven of the United States’ constitution allows the government to sanction racial discrimination. A person cannot attempt to defend the allegation, if the defense is required, that racial discrimination is not just. The selection of racial discrimination laws as practically unjust refers to the related experiences common law countries, for instance, when the indigenous populations are treated with respect to legalized racial discrimination and slavery subjugation. In addition, some laws also attempt to undermine some institution position of common law courts. For instance, chapters eight and nine of the constitution, examine various examples of this law. Many judges responded to these laws and failed to permit the integrity of their courts be handled in this manner. In these discussions, some basic common laws, which operate by, judicial decisions to maintain the relationship of the constitution on government organs? Furthermore, justice and law can be two different concepts. The latter must contain the basic support of the previous. When this does not happen, many people feel the need to go against the legal structure, resulting in a lack of faithfulness in all laws. One of the examples could be the time when people rebel against legal rights, which have moved against a greater sense of justice, for instance, the social institution against discriminatory laws in America (Garry, 2000). Some laws are unjust to extent that is justifiable to disobey them and even to go against the government, which established them. This shows how the America came in being. There are many examples of unjust laws seen in the text. Many Americans took the assumption of imperfect laws as they were established in the constit ution. This implied that the wrong had trumped what was right. Indeed, many argue that with no notion of good law used to fight evil laws, as many people know that it would never evolve. It is the duty of the free men and women to rise and fight the unjust laws since the imperfect laws attack the people’s liberty. First, the declaration and the United States constitution protect life, property and liberty. Yet many people believe that this is the serious threat to all these. This decision is lawless. Extremely lawless! This is because many lawyers who were in black robes of which one was purported to be conservative. These men used to issue improper decisions. This made the people to be stunned. Currently, the Supreme Court, the ruling institution made to protect the people from the tyranny decided to follow the constitution made. The court claimed to protect the peoples’ rights, but it was unjust to the people. This made the people work hard so as to elect a new presi dent. Many famous legal expositors stated clearly and explicitly that imperfect law is not binding to consider. Many laws are contrary to human good and they are not to all. This implies that if a law is not applied to all, then this is unjust. All people should be equal before the law and, therefore, not discriminated. The unjust laws force many judges to choose between

Constitution Compromises Essay Example for Free

Constitution Compromises Essay To the founders of the new American nation, it was important to make sure all states of the union stayed together. To ensure no states succeeded, many compromises were made in the ratification of the constitution, including those regarding representation and slavery, which allowed the majority of the population to be content and successfully governed the nations. Although the state’s populations were unequal, they all wanted their fair share of say in the government; the problem was they couldn’t decide what that fair share was. Their decision to create a bicameral government satisfied both the sparsely and densely populated states. The smaller states got their representation by the Senate, while the larger states got their wishes fulfilled by the House of Representatives. This compromise was ultimately for the better, being that a bicameral system has perks associated with it. For instance, a dual representation situation increases the chance that representatives have direct contact with the citizens, thus representing their population better. The two houses ultimately better served their country and resolved a conflict as well. Slavery was also an issue that saw a lot of dispute. Generally, Abolitionists in the North wanted to abolish slavery completely; however, this didn’t sit right with the South, whose economy desperately depended on slaves to flourish. There were two compromises about slavery. The first compromise ended the slave trade, and the second addressed the accounting of slaves in a state’s population for the census, as well as taxes. Being that the northern views were already stepping on the South’s toes, they couldn’t afford any clash to bring about talk of a separation from the union. Their decision to account 3/5 of a slave when apportioning taxes and representatives favored neither side in this dispute. This was for the better in that the southern states couldn’t really argue with the decision and stayed with the Union. Because the compromises that were made in the making of the constitution aimed to please, they worked by ensuring all states were happy, thus more likely to listen to the government and stay in the union.

Anasazi Culture Essay -- Native American Indians

Long before the coming of the so-called "civilized" Europeans, North America was inhabited by traveling bands of ancient people. Nomadic tribes, these early ancestors of Southwest Native Americans traveled the land in search of food from the thriving herds of large animals. But possibly as early as A.D. 900, as the wandering herds began to diminish, these people began to settle down and developed societies and cultures around what is called the Four Corners area of the southwest, in southern Utah and Colorado, and northern Arizona and New Mexico. Referred to as "Hisatsinom" by their Hopi descendants, the people are probably better known as "Anasazi," the Navajo name said to mean "ancient enemies." Other, more traditional, Native Americans may simply refer to these ancient people as the "old ones." Whatever the name, it is evident that these people not only settled in, but were also a thriving population and cultural center for the southwest. The Anasazi, ancestors of present-day Pueblos, Zunis, and Hopis of New Mexico and Arizona, fished, hunted small game and birds, and gathered wild foods in their newly developing home. A desert culture, these ancient people learned to live off the land, and even to make the land work for their good. Eventually building elaborate structures in the cliff walls, the Anasazi moved from their early "subterranean pit houses, sunken homes with stonework walls," into elaborately carved mansions high atop cliff walls and stone structures. As they developed aboveground storage facilities, the Anasazis began to build grand houses into the stones, acquiring new living quarters and using their former underground dwellings as "spiritual centers" called "kivas." The kiva, used for religious tea... ...ur-corners regions of the Southwest. Skeletons, village archeological finds, and cliff and rock art are all that remain to tell us about the heritage and culture of the Southwest. Other evidences abound in the stories of the "old ones," still told around council fires and pow wows. The stories of these earlier people are still told by the elders of different tribes, to teach their young ones their rich cultural heritage. Whatever the reasons for the Anasazi civilization's decline, they were a proud and thriving people, filled with culture, arts, trading and civilization. It is a shame that their once proud homes are but ruins for those of us in this new century to view. Perhaps, one day in the not too distant future, some of our own most spectacular structures and civilizations may lie wasted in the dust, another ancient ruin for some future people to explore.

Bass Pro Shops

Prepare a S. W. O. T. analysis for Bass Pro Shops. What types of strategies do you recommend based on your analysis? Strengths (company’s internal factors from resources and capabilities)- Bass Pro Shops have a competitive advantage, which in the text is defined as â€Å"a firm has a marketing mix that the target market sees as better than a competitor’s mix† (Perreault et al, 2011 p. 47). The way that Bass Pro Shops has this competitive advantage is that its stores have become a tourist attraction making customers want to go into their stores to experience the unique environment that incorporates attractions and learning opportunities.In addition, Bass Pro Shops have gained recognition for their outstanding customer service. The people that they employ have been trained and have the expertise in the departments that they are assigned to. Bass Pro Shops is different from other competitors because it offers educational workshops on hobbies and sporting activities. Additionally, Bass Pro Shops are much larger than traditional outdoor outfitters, which allow them to offer a broader range of inventory and merchandise.By allowing the customer to use an indoor fishing pond or the shooting range to try out certain products before making a decision, Bass Pro Shops can eliminate the tension called dissonance that many shoppers feel after making a purchase (p. 164). Weaknesses (company’s resources and capabilities)- Bass Pro Shop could face weaknesses if they are unable to hire the experienced people with the great customer service that they require. Sometimes it could be hard to find both qualities in a person.If they are unable to locate customer service representatives with the high level of experience they desire, they could overcome this problem through a structured training program. The other problem they could face is high prices. Because they are a higher quality store with a larger and higher-paid staff, their prices are obviously goi ng to be higher than other similar sporting good stores. Customers knowing beforehand of the higher prices might avoid a visit to a Bass Pro Shop altogether to avoid purchasing over-priced merchandise.In addition, an experienced shopper may know exactly what they need for their activity of choice and may realize that the item can be purchased at a common retail store such as Dick’s Sporting Goods, Gander Mountain, or even Wal-Mart. Lastly, with the store being as large as it is, some shoppers may view it as a burden to pick up just a few things because they don’t want to spend all day in the store. Customers may find it easier to go to a local sporting good store to purchase sporting goods rather than travel to Bass Pro Shop and make a whole day event.Bass Pro can overcome this by advertising its online store as a convenience to customers. Opportunities (emerge from external environment, customers and competitors) The opportunities that Bass Pro Shop has include  "getting the customers in the door† because they are considered a family-friendly tourist attraction. Bass Pro Shops have activities, themed restaurants, and entertainment, which can provide something that will appeal to each member of a family.The money that they put into their stores to make them different from others makes them more attractive to customers. It would be important for Bass Pro Shops to advertise in a great distance from the store to try and reach out to travelers that might stop by the store on a road trip. Bass Pro Shops offer the education experience as well as the shopping experience may help a customer to decide to visit their store instead of the competitors because its a one-stop shop.Lastly, having skilled and highly-trained employees to assist the customers allows for new products to reach the attention of consumers; for example, if a family enters the store with the intention to purchase camping gear, an experienced camping enthusiast, the employee, may recommend additional products based on his or her camping experiences, which will generate more sales. Threats (emerge from external environment, customers and competitors) A major threat for Bass Pro Shops is the economy.With the economy in a downturn it makes it a lot more difficult for people to justify spending the money on things that they really do not need. And since these stores are not everywhere you go it causes people to travel long distances in order to visit, which means they have to spend additional money on fuel to get there. The gas prices have been increasing to amounts that have put a damper on a lot of peoples travel plans. With all of the economic problems some customers are going to go somewhere that is more local and better in their price range.In addition, Bass Pro Shops face threats from traditional and specialty sporting stores, mass-merchandisers, and catalog and Internet-based retailers. These merchandise providers are everywhere and the 50 Bass Pro Sh ops that are currently in the United States and Canada can be quite a distance for the outdoor enthusiast that already knows what he or she may need. Furthermore, the consumer who enters a store with the intention to only touch and / or play with an item that he or she ultimately plans to purchase online threatens all retail stores.We would recommend that Bass Pro Shops continue to make their stores unique; however, making a few â€Å"smaller† stores with some of the same features, lower prices, and closer to large shopping centers would allow customers to experience the environment, which may entice them to visit the larger stores. I think that since they are such a popular store people would visit the smaller stores, purchase merchandise, and take some of the classes that were offered. . Can you think of retailers in other categories that might successfully emulate the format and execution of Bass Pro Shops? As the video case states, â€Å"the marriage between retailing an d entertainment is here to stay† (p. 635). Although there are not other retailers that have successfully emulated the format and execution of Bass Pro Shops, below is a list of companies that attempt to create a unique experience for the consumer. a.Build-a-Bear Workshops let kids personalize their stuffed animals. b. Mall of America is more than just a shopping mall; it is also a tourist destination. The mall is on the extreme side in that it houses 520 stores, 50 restaurants, and attractions galore, including Nickelodeon Universe, the nation's largest theme park, and the new American Girl store. The Mall of America doesn’t just have stores and restaurants like other malls; it also has a large theme park and an aquarium. . Home Depot and Hobby Lobby have DIY teaching workshops. d. Macy’s cosmetic department and Bare Minerals stores are set up so that products can be tried before they are purchased. e. IKEA stage their products as actual rooms instead of simply g rouping by product f. Abercrombie and Fitch usually have a unique entrance, loud new-age music, and young hip-looking sales associates to attract its target audience

4p’s of Euro Disneyland

1. What factors contributed to EuroDisney’s poor performance during its first year of operations? Even though Disney has a theme song that says â€Å"It’s a small world after all†, the world remains quite diverse. The biggest factors that contributed to the poor performance during the first year of EuroDisney’s operations were: a poor understanding of the marketplace, the issues and the cultural differences between two nations and two differing approaches to business and life. The major factor was ethnocentrism of the American leaders counterbalanced by French national insecurities.I have to suggest that the powerful and perhaps arrogant leadership style of Michael Eisner contributed to the problems. Even so, the problems were wider than that. Assuming that people would come from all over Europe as part of the business plan but failing to comprehend how diverse those consumers would be was another major part of the problem. Even though Europe has recently united as the European Union, they have been strongly distinct and independent cultures for centuries.Disney failed to understand the French national character, their insecurities over cultural invasion after having been an occupied nation twice in the last century and their deep commitment to maintaining their identity and liberty. The arrogance of the French is based on insecurity as a global minority and the arrogance of the Americans was based on a wide open optimism and global success. The collision of the two ‘arrogancies’ was â€Å"formidable† as the French say. 2. To what degree do you consider that these factors were a) foreseeable, b) controllable by either EuroDisney or the parent company Disney?A study in history and an understanding of the characters of Europe and the European market place would have enabled the Disney executives to anticipate many of the problems. Some problems were controllable and others were inevitable. Those that were inevitable , however, needed an approach that would soften the reaction rather than exacerbate it. It was inevitable that the choice of France as the location would ruffle French feathers. Their history of occupation shaped their reaction. Their coolness to all things anglophile is legendary.If we simply consider an individual personality, it would be easily understandable that a proud woman who had been enslaved and brutalized might have some lingering issues with dominant behaviour and may especially have trouble looking into the eyes of her rescuers who had seen her at her worst. Even so, they chose France perhaps for its cache in the American psyche (more ethnocentricity). The dominance of the American executive insisting on only English being spoken was like pouring gas on the situation in a culture that monitors words which are absorbed from other languages by an official government body.The idea of pushing business according to an American ethos was an affront to the French who take the ir liberty and unionization very seriously. Coming from the union free Southern United States, the clash was profound. These were all quite predicable for anyone who cared to see beyond their own ways. 3. What role does ethnocentrism play in the story of EuroDisney’s launch? The truth is embodied in this seemingly ambiguous statement â€Å"you don’t know what you do not know†. The trap is that when you do not understand or know something there is no little red light that says â€Å"you don’t get it†.In fact, there is no perception at all that there is something missing. Ethnocentricity carries us deeply into this trap and Disney fell head long into it. They certainly had the resources to get marketing opinion from European sources that would have saved them millions in mistakes. I think though, that the powerful personality of Eisner, coming off of several victories where he forced his vision through the objections of the American business communit y to win big and be therefore validated set the entire EuroDisney enterprise up for failure.Eisner and his trusted team believed that any opposition or obstacle had to be overcome with strength of will and vision and that collaboration would not serve the vision well. Add to this the spectacular success of Disney in Tokyo and all of his personal input verified his approach. Unfortunately, it takes three points to make a pattern and he had only 2. Consultation was the only way to avoid the nightmares encountered in France. The culture was so different from America or Japan that there was little frame of reference in common.Believing all Europeans enjoyed the same sausage or Europeans vacationed in the same way that Americans did was easily corrected by cultural awareness that would not have cost much but they were too ethnocentric to even know the questions to ask. I imagine they had no ears for those who tried to tell them. Sausage might just be sausage to Eisner who probably did no t eat it but to Europeans, it is as distinct as different wines. Attempting to impose American values, such as nondrinking on the French or appearance rules would have been easily understood as a mistake if they had even asked.I also know from a course in Children’s literature that the Disney version of fairytales like Cinderella were almost unrecognizable to those who had grown up on the European (original) versions of the stories. Thus, Disney did not even have the transfer of cultural understanding in the tales that they assumed that they had. 4. How do you assess the cross-cultural marketing skills of Disney? I imagine that they are significantly better now but they were dismally unequal to the task at the time. They simply did not do their homework.In a nation of couturier fashion and elegance, to emphasize size and glamour was ‘tres gauche†. Bigger and better is a selling feature of the American psyche not of the French. They eat one croissant not a dozen do nuts. They buy one designer handbag rather than 6 knock offs. The assumption of a common bond over fairytales was erroneous. The belief that the society functioned like the American society was just wrong because the French are highly unionized, and quite highly socialized in a political sense. Liberty and independence are even more ingrained among the French than the Americans.They believe they invented the concepts and the Americans high jacked them for their constitution. 5. Why did success in Tokyo predispose Disney management to be too optimistic in their expectations of success in France? Discuss In Japan Disney found an insatiable curiosity about American ways and American forms of play because of the rebuilding of Japan by the Americans who dropped the bombs on Hiroshima- their conquerors. Japan had been broken by and then rebuilt upon an American capitalistic model. (Please do not read criticism into this.I am not sure Truman had any choice given the personality and militar y spirit of Japan). The Japanese had been inundated with American cultural icons since world war two and Disney cartoons were a staple in Japanese experience. The success of Disney was more the success of the Japanese people at adapting to a new world after defeat than a triumph of marketing and cultural understanding. Unfortunately, the success without much cooperation, deeper understanding or adaptation led to the false belief in the Disney magic touch world wide.

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish physicist best known for combining the fields of electricity and magnetism to create a theory of the electromagnetic field. Early Life and Studies James Clerk Maxwell was born- into a family of strong financial means- in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831. However, he spent most of his childhood at Glenlair, a family estate designed by Walter Newall for Maxwell’s father. The young Maxwell’s studies took him first to the Edinburgh Academy (where, at the astounding age of 14, he published his first academic paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) and later to the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. As a professor, Maxwell began by filling in the vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen’s Marischal College in 1856. He would continue in this post until 1860​ when Aberdeen combined its two colleges into one university (leaving room for only one Natural Philosophy professorship, which went to David Thomson). This forced removal proved rewarding: Maxwell quickly earned the title of Professor of Physics and Astronomy at King’s College, London, an appointment that would form the foundation of some of the most influential theory of his lifetime. Electromagnetism His paper On Physical Lines of Force- written over the course of two years (1861-1862) and ultimately published in several parts- introduced his pivotal theory of electromagnetism. Among the tenets of his theory were (1) that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, and (2) that light exists in the same medium as electric and magnetic phenomena. In 1865, Maxwell resigned from King’s College and proceeded to continue writing: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field during the year of his resignation; On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces in 1870; Theory of Heat in 1871; and Matter and Motion in 1876. In 1871, Maxwell became the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, a position that put him in charge of the work conducted in the Cavendish Laboratory. The 1873 publication of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, meanwhile, produced the fullest explanation yet of Maxwell’s four partial different equations, which would go on to be a major influence on Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. On November 5, 1879, after a period of sustained illness, Maxwell died- at the age of 48- from abdominal cancer. Considered one of the greatest scientific minds the world has ever seen- on the order of Einstein and Isaac Newton- Maxwell and his contributions extend beyond the realm of electromagnetic theory to include: an acclaimed study of the dynamics of Saturn’s rings; the somewhat accidental, although still important, capturing of the first color photograph; and his kinetic theory of gases, which led to a law relating to the distribution of molecular velocities. Still, the most crucial findings of his electromagnetic theory- that light is an electromagnetic wave, that electric and magnetic fields travel in the form of waves at the speed of light, that ​radio waves can travel through space- constitute his most important legacy. Nothing sums up the monumental achievement of Maxwell’s life work as well as these words from Einstein himself: â€Å"This change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.†

The Growth of Government Intervention in the Economy

The Growth of Government Intervention in the Economy The founding fathers of the United States wanted to create a nation where the federal government was limited in its authority to dictate ones inalienable rights, and many argued this extended to the right to the pursuit of happiness in the context of starting ones own business. Initially, the government did not meddle in the affairs of businesses, but the consolidation of the industry after the Industrial Revolution resulted in a monopoly of markets by increasingly powerful corporations, so the government stepped in to protect  small businesses  and consumers from corporate greed. Since then, and especially in the wake of the Great Depression and President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal with businesses, the federal government has enacted more than 100 regulations to control the economy and prevent monopolization of certain markets. Early Involvement of Government Near the end of  the 20th century, the rapid consolidation of power in the economy to a few select corporations spurred the United States government to step in and begin regulating the free trade market, starting with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which restored competition and free enterprise by breaking up corporate control of niche markets. Congress again passed laws in 1906 to regulate the production of food and drugs, ensuring that the products were correctly labeled and all meat tested before being sold. In 1913, the  Federal Reserve  was created to regulate the nations supply of money and establish a central bank that monitored and controlled certain banking activities. However, according to the United States Department of State, the largest changes in the governments role occurred during the New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelts response to the Great Depression. In this Roosevelt and Congress passed multiple new laws that allowed the government to intervene in the economy to prevent another such catastrophe. These regulations set rules for wages and hours, gave benefits to unemployed and retired workers, established subsidies for rural farmers and local manufacturers, insured bank deposits, and created a massive development authority. Current Government Involvement in the Economy Throughout the 20th century, Congress continued to enact these regulations meant to protect the working class from corporate interests. These policies eventually evolved to include protections against discrimination based on age, race, sex, sexuality or religious beliefs and against false advertisements meant to purposefully mislead consumers. Over 100 federal regulatory agencies have been created in the United States by the early 1990s, covering fields from trade to employment opportunity. In theory, these agencies are meant to be shielded from partisan politics and the president, meant purely to protect the federal economy from collapse through its control of individual markets. According to the U.S. Department of State, by law members of the boards of these agencies must include commissioners from both political parties who serve for fixed terms, usually of five to seven years; each agency has a staff, often more than 1,000 persons; Congress appropriates funds to the agencies and oversees their operations.

A review of academic research undertaken in relation to Small and Assignment

A review of academic research undertaken in relation to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises - Assignment Example 5. The act focused on increasing the enterprises’ production outputs, increasing revenues and profits. 6. Small and medium enterprises reduce London’s Unemployment rate. 7. Small and medium enterprises are either sole proprietorships or partnerships. 8. Small and medium enterprises have less than 250 employees. 9. Small and medium enterprises are profitable business ventures. 10. U.K.’s laissez Faire (free) economy encourages entry into the lucrative small and medium enterprise market. 11. With lower capital investments than corporations, small and medium enterprises are preferred choices. 12. The United Kingdom government must implement the provisions of the 2008 Small Business Act for Europe. 13. The United Kingdom government must help lessen small and medium enterprises loan requirements. 14. The United Kingdom government must ensure small and medium enterprises comply with tax, labour, and environmental protection statutes. 15. Small and medium enterprises si gnificantly contribute to the improvement of the United Kingdom economy. Introduction Many individuals boldly join the risky small and medium enterprise market segment. The market segment is grounded on low capital investments. The market segment reduces the United Kingdom unemployment rate. ... Pederzini insists that the European Union exerted extra efforts to help the small and medium European Union member nations’ business money. With the small capital investments, the small and medium size business entities need additional borrowed funds (Warren, 2008). The borrowed funds will help increase the company’s revenues. With more revenues, the small and medium size companies will generate higher net profits. In addition, the additional loan amounts will help the companies pay for the salaries of additional employees. With more employees hired, the service and product quality and speed will consequently increase. After the successful launch of the 2000 European Charter for Small Enterprises, the European Union leaders launched the equally successful Lisbon Growth and Jobs Strategy in 2005. Next, the European Union leadership focused their attention to helping the small and medium enterprises improve their European Union business prospects (Dallago, 2012). In 2008, the European Union launched the timely Small Business Act for Europe. The act contains three favorable aims. First, the government leaders set the guidelines for the improvement economic environment of the small and medium enterprise players. The improvements will trigger higher revenues. With higher revenues, the enterprises can hire more workers. With more workers, the European Union’s unfavorably high unemployment rate will significantly drop to permissible levels (Dallago, 2012). Second, the act focused on increasing competitiveness among the European Union’s small and medium enterprise players. Increasing competitiveness significantly persuades the competitors to improve the quality of their products and services (Cant, 2009). Improvement of their products and

The Role of Magistrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of Magistrates - Essay Example Thus, magistrates' assignments and the organization of their workloads can vary, sometimes dramatically, not only from district to district and courthouse to courthouse, but also among magistrates with offices along the same hallway in a single courthouse. (Carroll, 2003) Although they receive task assignments from district judges, magistrates, as judicial officers with their own legal and support staffs, retain at least some degree of autonomy in designing the organization of their workload. In fact, because they generally are not as involved with the time-consuming business of presiding over trials, events which require definitive scheduling in order to have parties, attorneys, witnesses, jurors, and other actors simultaneously present in one room, the subordinate judges frequently have significant autonomy in deciding when to address particular assigned tasks during their workdays. The magistrates generally are not responsible for prisoner cases. Habeas corpus and civil rights cases by prisoners are reviewed by two staff attorneys assigned to the district court. An experienced senior magistrate supervises these staff attorneys. Although this magistrate was laden with additional responsibilities, unlike in some other districts, he was not rewarded with the title "chief magistrate." After the initial screening by the staff attorneys, prisoner cases meeting procedural and legal requirements may be assigned by judges to their paired magistrates. A "duty magistrate" system developed for handling preliminary criminal matters. In the large court, magistrates are "on duty" for separate, rotating, one-week periods in which they have exclusive responsibility for processing the criminal cases. Thus, the magistrates normally handle criminal matters only once every five weeks. In the large court, criminal pre-trial matters, such as arraignments, bail reviews, detention hearings, initial appearances, search warrants, and arrest warrants, arise virtually every day. In addition, some of the judges have magistrates handle criminal pre-trial conferences to coordinate and settle evidentiary and other matters prior to trial. Magistrates in Action The following incident observed at the courthouse provides a picture of the magistrates at work as subordinate yet authoritative judicial officers. In the large courthouse, there is a daily "Duty Call" scheduled at one o'clock each afternoon to handle preliminary criminal matters. On this particular day, the district's magistrates held their regular monthly luncheon meeting, which did not conclude until 1:15. Afterwards, the duty magistrate talked with the author about the magistrates' roles for ten more minutes prior to entering the courtroom. Magistrates, like judges, recognize that lawyers and witnesses are frequently late in getting to court. Therefore, court proceedings generally do not begin and the magistrate or judge will not enter the courtroom until all other relevant actors are present. The magistrate's lack of concern about beginning precisely on time did not indicate

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen Essay - 1

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen - Essay Example In fact, these very virtues make a city or an individual just - â€Å"Then a just man won’t differ at all from a just city in respect to the form b of justice;† (Plato, 110) This discussion starts from the state level and eventually moves down to the level of an individual but Plato makes it absolutely clear that the presence of the above mentioned virtues in an individual citizen leads to a state, which has these same virtues. In The Republic’s Book XIII, there exist many examples showing how an unjust society shapes the souls of its citizen. The vice versa then should also be true. Therefore, it can be derived from this discussion that there exists a kind of â€Å"virtuous circle† between the state and a citizen. They are both cause and effect of each other. To sum this up, it can be said that a state shapes the souls of its inhabitants; meanwhile the nation itself is a product of all the individual souls comprising it. If this structure is disrupted, harmony will suffer, inner conflict will increase and this might lead to the whole set-up coming down. Plato believes that the most important goal of education is knowledge of Good. In the fictional city of Kallipolis, there are three different classes: the producers, guardians and the rulers. All these three classes have some specific qualities that they need to display in order to make Kallipolis the â€Å"just city†. The guardian class needs to be the educated group who will be able to absorb all the laws in the best possible manner - â€Å"†¦Hence the guardians must above all protect their system of elementary education, for this provides the training in civic virtue without which no system of laws, no constitution, can hope to achieve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plato, 94) The rulers of the city need to possess wisdom, using which they ensure that the city will have good judgment and will be really wise. Since an ideal city needs to be governed by

What the Writer Thought of the Event Essay Example for Free

What the Writer Thought of the Event Essay What the event symbolized for America was explicitly stated in the editorial — Woodstock was the kind of success that could be achieved when there is benevolence among people. Everyone saw a disaster out of Woodstock in the beginning. People predicted it would end out a havoc. Even hip radio stations warned people against it. It was easy for the Americans to think that such a large gathering of people in such a place would end up to no good, especially when it’s the youth that is involved. However, as the event turned out to be a success, America realized that it is not impossible for people to come together and be in a state of harmony at the same time. More importantly, Woodstock became a realization for America that the power of benevolence could do such amazing things, and could rise above such adversities as shortage in water, toilets, bad trips, and even thunderstorms. Aside from these, Woodstock symbolized for the rest of America that their youth is not going down the drain. Instead, their youth is worthy of respect and emulation, because amidst the prejudice against their capabilities and their culture, is their power to rise above the adversity and to display such a culture of good will among perfect strangers. For the parents of America at that time, Woodstock was a â€Å"wakeup call’ that their children did something worthy of their approval , and that this is what is important amidst the drugs and the display of nudity. The bottomline is that Woodstock, for America, had become as symbol of both the power of the youth and the power of benevolence, and the beauty that comes when these two powers work together. For the writer, not only was Woodstock Music and Art Fair an â€Å"Aquarian Exposition of music and peace . It was much more. It ranked among one of the most important sociological and political events of the decade. Not only was it the largest happening that ever was in history at the time, it was also a public announcement of the culture of America’s youth in the sixties. It was a manifestation of their â€Å"strength, appeal, and power† (TIME, 1969). Along the article, the writer pointed out how massive the gathering was, even estimating that had the roads not been blocked, there would have been a million people between the age of 16-30 at Woodstock. And though the writer acknowledged the presence of the largest gathering of rock idols as a bait for the crowd to come, he pointed out a more analytical reason for the gathering. According to him, Woodstock was a kind of â€Å"pilgrimage† where the youths sought to discover that there were hundreds of thousand of people who shared their culture, in other words, that they are not isolated, as they have previously thought they were (TIME, 1969). The writer was also quick to acknowledge the fact that the old generation of Americans initially saw the event as a â€Å"squalid freakout,† but had experienced a change of tune, which included even the New York Times . Along with this, however, the writer ran a paragraph that told about both the â€Å"deplorable† and commendable things about the event that could be the reason for such a two-sided perception of the event. The bad side of Woodstock that the writer perceived included deaths and illnesses from drugs, as well as the deplorable case of sanitation, accommodation, garbage, and rains throughout the event. However, the writer exalted in the fact that â€Å"there were no rapes, no assaults, no robberies and, as far as anyone can recall, not one single fight† (TIME, 1969). In the length of the rest of the article, the writer presented several analysis of the meaning of Woodstock. Among these was that Woodstock was a manifestation of the youth’s valuation of self over society, and aside from the youth’s total separation from the norms of the past generation, was also a manifestation that the adults could not control them anymore. However, along with these was the youth’s perception that they are changing the society for the good and that they did not need someone to lead them since they already have each other . In the end, the writer was able to send a message of questioning to his readers. A question of â€Å"to what purpose† could the outpouring and extremely powerful emotions of the youth could be harnessed politically. His advice was made implicitly by quoting what a sociologist had to say about the event . Towards the end, the writer’s advice turned out into a warning about the possible negative impacts of the event, instead of a dawning of enlightenment .