An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay - 838 Words

An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an American poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). His poem will be the basis of the discussion of this brief essay. The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through, perhaps to some higher truth, to something beyond the mere physical presence of the tree. As night approaches, the sash or movable portion of the window is lowered, perhaps to prevent the†¦show more content†¦Continuing his statement with And if you have seen me when I slept, / You have seen me when I was taken and swept / And all but lost. The narrator may be referring to actual sleeping patterns in which people sleep so soundly that they are unaware of things happening around them. Lost may also be defined as being helpless or having a lack of self confidence (Webster 681). There is a nightmarish quality to these lines, also. In the fourth and final stanze, the poet begins to talk of the day she put our heads together / Fate had her imagination about her, / Your head so much concerned with outer, / Mine with inner, weather. Until this point no differentiation has been made regarding gender; however, in this stanza, femal pronouns are mentioned three times. Interesetingly, according to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, fate, in classical methology, was represented by three goddesses who determined the course a humans life would take (417). The narrator observes that the tree seems to be more interested in the forces of Mother Nature and the elements upon its bark and leaves compared to himself. The narrator seems to be preoccupied with what occurs within, perhaps in his mind, soul, or spirt. The narrator ends with the word weather, which could represent the literal sunshine, rain, etc.Show MoreRelated An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay example826 Words   |  4 Pages  An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The poem Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an America poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through,Read MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 Pagescontinued their dreams, and went to college, but after a semester he dropped out. For the next two years, he was a labor worker and wrote poetry (Sullivan). New England became the inspirations to all of his works of poetry. He published his first poem â€Å"My Butterfly† in 1894 in the New York Independent. He was so ecstatic with his accomplishment that in 1895 he proposed to Elinor White, but she refused his proposal because she wanted to finish college (Robert Frost). After waiting some time on December

The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Essay

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Eighth Amendment, 1791 The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution limits the punishments that may be imposed by the government on American citizens. These limits are compulsory among the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 expressed concern with arbitrary and disproportionate sanctions, giving way to the Founders inclusion of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. To explore the Eighth Amendment it is important to consider constitutionally accepted punishments, the ever-evolving practice of capital punishment, and eighth amendment protection inside prison walls.†¦show more content†¦The Supreme Court upholds the Excessive Fines Clause only as it pertains to fines imposed by and paid directly to the government. â€Å"The court noted the word ‘fine’ was understood to mean a payment to a sovereign as punishment for some offense.† (U.s. constitution: Eight, 2011) Eighth Amendment protection, therefor e, does not extend to the punitive damages imposed by a civil jury in cases between private parties. The Court has since held in Austin v. United States (1993) that protection does exist in cases involving civil forfeiture since it is intended as punishment. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment largely concerns itself with disproportionate and arbitrary punishments imposed by the government. â€Å"The Court has repeatedly emphasized the Eighth Amendment’s expansive and vital character and its capacity for evolutionary growth.† (Kanovitz, 2010) Cruelty is interpreted as actions that oppose current standards of decency. As public opinion grows and changes these standards are apt to change. The vague wording of the Eighth Amendment allows room for the opinion of what punishments are acceptable to adapt to modern times. There has been unrelenting controversy over the years concerning the constitutionality of matters such as mandatory minimum sentences and t hree strikes laws, life without parole for juvenile offenders and capital punishment. Mandatory minimum sentences began in 1951 when Congress passed the Boggs Act, allowing for tough mandatoryShow MoreRelatedSupreme Court Cases and the Eighth Ammendment865 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Bill of Rights and the U.S. Constitution had more purpose; The Bill of Rights was meant to give citizens of the U.S. promising freedom to rely on. The Constitution set terms for the U.S. to abide by. The Constitution was established for the people and was a social contract; it was an agreement between the government and society to protect the nation’s deserved rights and liberties. The Bill of Rights was included in the Constitution; it is the first ten amendments which were included to guaranteeRead MoreThe Eighth Amendment and Death Penalty Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Eight Amendment to the U.S. Constitution â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cr uel and unusual punishment inflicted†, proposed on 9/25/1789 and approved on 12/15/1791. The cruel and unusual punishment confines the harshness of penalties that state and federal governments may inflict upon ones who have been condemned of a criminal offense. The excessive fines phrase restricts the amount that state and federal governments may possibly fine an individual for aRead MoreRelationship Between The Federal Government And The States1137 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment and the states is well stable. The Federal government has powers given by the Constitution as well powers or privileges are given to the states which promotes a balance between the two so that our country is not ruled under one specific party or group. The question now is that, are the states rights more than well protected in the current constitution and the political practice. The Constitution is the structure of a political system. It establishes governmental bodies, grants powersRead MoreThe Bill of Rights: The Most Important Documents in American History1579 Words   |  6 Pagesthe inclusion of a Bill of Rights into the Constitution, Congress did not approve the inclusion of twelve Amendments, or Twelve Articles, until September 25, 1789 (History of the Bill of Rights, 2012). While the first two amendments were rejected, the first ten Amendments of the Constitution make of the United States Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was formally ratified on December 15, 1791 (Independence Hall Association, 2012). The First Amendment protects an individuals freedom of speechRead MoreThe Case Plessy V Ferguson Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesonly† car and was subsequently arrested despite being only a eighth black. In the case Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 took place during the era of Jim Crow laws which advocated for separate but equal laws. Plessy was presumed colored due to the one-eighth black factor under the Louisiana law. It was held that Plessy was guilty since the race-based Jim Crow laws, which were applied in his conviction, were not in violation of the Constitution as long as the State of Louisiana proffered the separate but equalRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Is It Constitutional Or Moral? Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1776, a new guideline of rights was ratified. These rights make up the Constitution of America and lay down an expectation for the treatment of America’s citizens. However, is the death penalty appropriate or even constitutional in this age? One of the most shunned occurrences in the lives of colonials was the unjust, brutal execution of individuals for opposing Great Britain. Therefore, the framers of the constitution Dyess 2 created rights to protect Americans from wrongful death, improperRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Criminal Justice System1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmany obstacles they will face. The United States Constitution contains rights for offenders which allows their process through the criminal justice system to be smoother and make sure they are being treated fairly. I will cover the impact of the United States Constitution for the offender in the criminal justice system. This will include the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendments as well as due process for offenders. The fourth amendment is, â€Å"The portion of the Bill of Rights that generallyRead MoreConstitutional Conflict of the Dealth Penalty Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagespenalty has changed over the years. For centuries societies have used death as the ultimate penalty for crime. In the 1960s, the court ruled against the death penalty as a cruel and unusual punishment, which was forbidden by the eighth amendment of the Constitution. By the 1990s the death penalty was again in wide use supported by the court and Congress, which continually expanded by legislation the crimes for which death would be an acceptable penalty. Supreme Court cases that have felt theRead MoreThe First Amendment : Basic Liberties Of People891 Words   |  4 PagesThe First Amendment: Basic Liberties of People Freedom of Religion: This means that the government cannot force people to accept one set of religious beliefs nor can it interfere with the way they worship in private or public. People can believe what they want with no fear of repercussions from the government. Freedom of Speech: This basic liberty entitles all Americans to say what they think, but not to the point of saying false claims about others. They can say their opinion out loud to convinceRead MoreBill of Rights Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Brant gives a summary of how these amendments proposed by James Madison, would be added quickly to the Constitution: The first ten amendments were added to the Constitution of the United States in a period of uneasy calm. The Americans who were most apprehensive over that untried document, because its guarantees of liberty did not go far enough, included a great many who wanted to cut down its grants of legislative and executive power. But the amendments were drafted and submitted to the nation

The 3 Ds Dementia - Delirium and Depression- Free Sample

Question: Case study about the 3 Ds Dementia, Delirium and Depression. Answer: Introduction According to the fact sheet published by WHO (World Health Organization), dementia can be considered as a syndrome, which can cause severe deterioration in behavior, thinking process, memory and as well as everyday activities. According to the research study of Steen et al. (2013), it is recognized that older people are the most vulnerable groups towards dementia. However, it was argued by Wall and Duffy (2010), who stated in their paper that despite the vulnerability of the older people towards dementia, it is found that the association of dementia with aging is not very normal. Worldwide it is found that there are 47.5 million people who are affected by dementia (Potter et al. 2011). The evidence also reflects that there are approximately 7.7 million new cases have been reported in every year (Dickens et al. 2011). Dementia is detected as one of the important reasons behind the dependency and disability among the older people in Australia (Yaffe et al. 2011). The research study of Cruz-Jentoft et al. (2010) reflects that dementia not only has social, psychological, physical as well as the economical impact on the patients but also on the families, cares givers, and close personals. This chronic disease is progressive in nature, in which the cognitive functions of the patients start deteriorating. Dementia can be caused by different reasons such as the death of brain cells due to severe injuries in the brain and occurrence of Alzheimers or brain stroke. The occurrence of dementia can mainly affect thinking orientation, learning capacity, calculation, comprehension, judgment and language of the patient. Brief history of the case studies Mr. David Geoffrey is a patient of 88 old, who has been transported to ED from his home. Mr. David Geoffrey lives with his wife (86-year-old) and a grandson, who take care of him. Mr. David Geoffrey had a medical history of CVA 20 years ago. Recently he is diagnosed with dementia. Apart from these, he is also diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, glaucoma and diabetes type 2. He has shifted emergency department due to his sudden ill behaviour with the care giver who helps him to take a bath and increasing incontinent of Urine and feces. After the primary treatment in ED, Mr. David Geoffrey recovered from his current situation and therefore shifted to the medical ward. It is found that he has bilateral deafness and no longer uses his hearing aids. Because of his increasing incontinent of Urine as well as faeces, he was admitted to the acute care hospital. After seven days of admitting him in the medical ward, it is found that he becomes increasing dependent on the nurses to perform all of the daily activities. After running different tests including a mini mental state examination, the doctors decided to send him to the residential aged care near his house under the surveillance of the ACAT team. Doctor prescribed him several medicines, which may include metformin, digoxin, insulin and enteric coated aspirin. First, five days he stayed in bed then he started using his "comfortable chair, even started playing poker with his son. However, it is found that his condition deteriorated again, and he developed Urinary infection with a groin rash. It is also recognized that he started ill-behaving with his care givers in such a way that most of the staffs are now fearful of Mr. David Geoffrey. Many staffs said that sometimes he speaks like he is a baby and also admonishing him. According to the doctors despite his playing cards and answering close ended questions he is a victim of severe dementia and developed severe memory problems. Issues identified From the case study of Mr. David Geoffrey, several health-related issues were identified. From the case study, it is evident that Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from acute dementia. However, apart from dementia, it is found that there is also other health related issues that are bothering Mr. David Geoffrey. The identified health issues in the provided case study are as follows- David Geoffrey is an 88 old person; therefore, it is certain that he is going through some health-related issues due to his aging. He is diagnosed with dementia in his later life David Geoffrey is also suffering from atrial fibrillation David Geoffrey is suffering from Diabetes Type 2 David Geoffrey is also diagnosed with glaucoma. David Geoffrey has a speaking problem due to CVA, which occurred 20 years ago David Geoffrey is also suffering from bilateral deafness and does not like to use his hearing aids. David Geoffrey is suffering from increasing confusion and a lack of decision making ability David Geoffrey is showing increasingly incontinent of urine and faeces. The behavior of Mr. David Geoffrey with his care givers is decreasing in a continuous manner. David Geoffrey scored only 19 in Mini-Mental State Examination, which reflects his continuously fading memories. Past medical history Mr. David Geoffrey is a poor person who is 88 years old and suffering from dementia. While exploring the medical history of Mr. David Geoffrey, it is recognized that he had suffered from CVA, which occurred 20 years ago. According to Witlox et al. (2010), Cerebrovascular attack (CVA) can be developed due to the bad circulation of blood in the blood vessels, which supplies blood to the brain. In this disease, the brain blood vessels become damaged in such a way that it causes severe health-related issues, such as muscle weakness in the body, blurred vision, balance disorder, reduced sensations of touch, and weakness in limbs, headache, mental confusion and slurred speech. Due to the occurrence of this disease, Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from most of the health related issues especially difficulty in speaking, speech loss, mental confusion and partial deafness. Medications From the case study, it is found that the doctor suggested a list of medicines for the help of poor Mr. David Geoffrey. The list of medicines may include metformin, digoxin, enteric coated aspirin, and insulin. However, these medicines were prescribed to him before his admission in the residential aged care. When his condition deteriorated in the residential aged care, and he was diagnosed with urinary tract infection with a groin rash, the doctor prescribed a number of antibiotics with zinc cream application to the groin. The doctor also prescribed him risperidone for his aggression coupled with antidepressant considering his present mental conditions (Goodman et al. 2010). Assessment undertook According to Scandol, Toson and Close (2013), it is recognized that the diagnosis of dementia can be made only after a proper assessment. In this case study, the doctor also followed a particular assessment procedure to determine the present condition of the patient (Mr. David Geoffrey). The identified assessment procedure is as follows- Collecting data about the medical history of Mr. David Geoffrey Cognitive state examination Mental state examination with the help of Mini-Mental State Examination Physical examination of Mr. David Geoffrey Other biochemical tests From this case study, it is found that the doctor used a number of assessment procedure step by step depending on the current physical and mental condition of Mr. David Geoffrey. However, the analysis of medical history has been done before the deteriorating condition of Mr. David Geoffrey's health. After completion of assessment procedure, the doctor diagnosed Mr. David Geoffrey as a dementia patient in his acute condition and prescribed proper medicines and ordered proper interventions too help Mr. David Geoffrey. Brief Outline of Pathophysiology Dementia is considered as a result of different types of brain diseases as well as several system degenerations. Although Cooke et al. (2010) showed the Alzheimers disease is the main reason behind the occurrence of dementia, it was argued by Sydenham et al. (2012), who stated that dementia can take place due to several reasons that can lead to the damage of brain cells and resulted in dementia. The primary dementia is progressive and irreversible in nature. The primary dementia is consists of two distinct types such as dementia of the Alzheimers type (DAT) and vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia). The genetic factors of dementia are as follows- Familial Alzheimers disease, which is coupled genetic disorders on the chromosome number 1, 14, and 21 (Declercq et al. 2013). The mutation of the genes on the chromosome number 1 and 14 are particularly responsible for the occurrence of this disease, which normally encode for amyloid precursor protein. The excess presence of apolipoprotein E4 (Apoe4), a cholesterol-bearing protein on the chromosome number 19, is found among the patients who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease than that of the general population (Sinclair et al. 2011). The biochemical factors- People with Alzheimers disease are experiences a relative deficient of acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter and helps to transfer signals to the brain (Sousa et al. 2010). The presence of amyloid plaques, as well as neurofibrillary, is found in the brain of the Alzheimer's patients. Slow viral infection, as well as autoimmune processes, can lead towards dementia. Secondary dementia can take place due to several reasons such as-Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic meningitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease, Wilsons disease, Thalamic dementia, Anaemia, Deficiency states, Cardiac or pulmonary failure, Hepatic encephalopathy (Cowdell, 2010). After the diagnosis of Mr. David Geoffrey, it is recognized that he is not a victim of Alzheimers disease. Therefore, it can be assumed that in the case of Mr. David Geoffrey, the growing age, and long term cardio vascular disease is the main reason behind the occurrence of dementia. Pharmacological treatments According to the case study, it is recognized that Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from acute dementia. Therefore, a number of behavioural and psychological problems are experiencing by him. After discharging from the hospital, the doctor prescribed him several medicines, which may include metformin, digoxn, insulin and enteric coated aspirin. The metformin and insulin were prescribed to control his type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, digoxn was prescribed to treat his poor cardiovascular condition. Enteric coated aspirin was also prescribed to protect the heart. Therefore, it can be said that doctor did not mention any medicine in order to treat dementia. In order to treat dementia, donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine can be prescribed in a controlled dosage. Although these drugs were designed to treat Alzheimers disease, Tsopelas et al. (2011) showed that these drugs are extremely helpful to treat dementia patients, while applied in controlled dosages. Apart from these, antips ychotic drugs and antidepressants can be prescribed in order to control behaviour problems of Mr. David Geoffrey. Apart from prescribing medicines to treat Alzheimers, the doctor also needs to prescribe medicines for high cholesterol and high blood pressure since Mr. David Geoffrey is a patient of CAV. According to Sousa et al. (2010), application of these drugs cannot cure existing dementia, but they are proved as helpful to decrease the risks of heart disease and future stroke. Psychosocial requirements According to Moyle et al. (2011), psychosocial intervention is one of the most important weapons to fight against dementia and provide supports to the patients with dementia in order to help them to lead a better life. The selection of psychosocial interventions for dementia is dependent on the preferences as well as the needs of the patient. After evaluating current mental state of Mr. David Geoffrey and analyzing his basic needs, the following psychosocial interventions can be taken- "Behavioural management techniques centered on individual patients' behavior"- according to Prince et al. (2013), this intervention technique is helpful to reduce depression and other behavioural symptoms of Mr. David Geoffrey. Cognitive stimulation- according to Strydom et al. (2010), this intervention will be helpful for the reduction of depression as well as the agitated behaviour of Mr. David Geoffrey. Verbal and non-verbal communication behaviours- this intervention will be helpful in order to improve his communication skills and improve his life style. Staff communication techniques for use in daily routine- according to Forti et al. (2010), this technique is also helpful to improve the communication skill of Mr. David Geoffrey. Physical and psychosocial support According to the case study, Mr. David Geoffrey is an 88-year-old dementia patient, who lost all enthusiasm to be physically active. Mr. David Geoffrey is hugely dependent on his care givers, especially on the nurses for his well being. It is found that he is detached from all of the physical activities, and he spends most of his times on his bed. After seven days of admitting in the residential aged care he started to sit on his comfortable chair; however there were no signs of any other physical activities. In this situation, the following intervention can be provided to Mr. David Geoffrey as psychosocial and physical support- Support and encourage Mr. David Geoffrey to increase his fitness positive behaviour and physical function. Making verbal communication with Mr. David Geoffrey, in order to make him realize that he is not alone and have full support from his family. The nurses or staffs can educate him about the physical fitness so that he can be less dependent on the other people for his well-being (Clegg et al. 2013). Cognitive stimulation can be used as an intervention to reduce his depression and behavioural symptoms (Yaffe et al. 2013). Environmental considerations According to Cruz-Jentoft et al. (2010), the care plan of dementia should be developed based on the considerations of the environmental factors along with the psychosocial factors and the physical health of the patient. It is recognized that most of the behavioural concerns arise among the dementia patients due to specific environmental causes. Dementia patients are agitated as well as overwhelmed by the presence of several environmental stimulations. According to the case study, it is found that Mr. David Geoffrey is extremely agitated when he was admitted to the residential aged care. In order to help Mr. David Geoffrey, the staffs of this residential aged care need to be more patience and provide special care towards Mr. David Geoffrey. In addition, the family members need to visit him very often and spend a quality time with him so that he does not feel alone. The infrastructure or the environmental condition of the residential aged care need to be evaluated in order to find out which factors are making Mr. David Geoffrey agitated and overwhelmed. Generally, it is recognized that patients with dementia feel agitated in the presence of smoking or too many noises. Therefore, it can be said that the environment of the residential aged care plays an important role in the wellbeing of the patients with dementia. On the other hand, according to Witlox et al. (2010), it is recognized that the dementia patients feel agitated when the speaker uses lots of punctuations and phases that cannot be followed by them. Therefore, the speakers (staffs or care givers) need to make short and simple sentences while talking with Mr. David Geoffrey and help him out. The support of significant others Mr. David Geoffrey is an 88 years old dementia patient who was first admitted to the hospital for his urinary tract information. Later he was admitted to the residential aged care. Throughout this procedure, it is recognized that his family members were very supportive and helped him to take care of his health. However, it can be said that they need to be more careful and take more significant steps to help him. Such as, they family members need to visit him more frequently and use small and simple sentences to engage him in conversation. However, it is found that the family members were leaving their photographs and messages for him, which is indeed a significant step to help Mr. David Geoffrey. Future Planning After evaluating the present condition of Mr. David Geoffrey, it can be said that an extensive planning needs to be done in order to help Mr. David Geoffrey in future. The physical and psychosocial condition of Mr. David Geoffrey is deteriorating continuously. Therefore, the family members and the doctor need to make a proper future plan to help Mr. David Geoffrey lead a better life. According to Goodman et al. (2010), the future planning of a dementia patient may include legal planning, financial planning, developing a care team and end of life planning. Having a proper legal planning is important for a dementia patient to ensure their social security. The legal planning of Mr. David Geoffrey should include making necessary updates in existing legal documents, developing proper legal plans for the property. Developing a financial planning to maintain the costs of dementia treatment could be proved as beneficial. In addition, a care team can be developed with the close family members and care givers to ensure the security and privacy of Mr. David Geoffrey. Conclusion Dementia is considered as a curse to the society. It is recognized that a person who is affected with dementia have to go through two kinds of changes. After analysing the case study of Mr. David Geoffrey, these two kinds of changes are found as very prominent. First, Mr. David Geoffrey is suffering from a gradual failure of the mental power, which may include reasoning and comprehension, ability to make right decisions and memory. The brain started reacting slowly and makes them less efficient to make judgments, calculate numbers, follow and understand complicated sentences, and taking decisions. Secondly, it is recognized that Mr. David Geoffrey is going through a change of social and psychological environment. In most of the case, it is noticed that the patient becomes the victim of social stigma and lose self-control. However, in this case, Mr. David Geoffrey had the full attention of his family and not necessarily suffered from social isolation or social stigma. On the other han d, the interventions are taken to help Mr. David Geoffrey are proved as beneficial to help him in order to lead a better life. However, it can be expected that the family should be more careful in future and spend more time with him in residential aged care in order to reduce his behavioural symptoms and improve the quality of his life style. Reference Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M.O. and Rockwood, K., 2013. Frailty in elderly people.The Lancet,381(9868), pp.752-762. Cooke, M., Moyle, W., Shum, D., Harrison, S. and Murfield, J., 2010. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on quality of life and depression in older people with dementia.Journal of Health Psychology,15(5), pp.765-776. Cooke, M.L., Moyle, W., Shum, D.H., Harrison, S.D. and Murfield, J.E., 2010. A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia.Aging and mental health,14(8), pp.905-916. Cowdell, F., 2010. Care of older people with dementia in an acute hospital setting.Nursing Standard,24(23), pp.42-48. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Baeyens, J.P., Bauer, J.M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F.C., Michel, J.P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S.M. and Topinkov, E., 2010. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.Age and ageing, p.afq034. Declercq, T., Petrovic, M., Azermai, M., Vander Stichele, R., De Sutter, A.I., van Driel, M.L. and Christiaens, T., 2013. Withdrawal versus continuation of chronic antipsychotic drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,3. Dickens, A.P., Lang, I.A., Langa, K.M., Kos, K. and Llewellyn, D.J., 2011. Vitamin D, cognitive dysfunction and dementia in older adults.CNS drugs,25(8), pp.629-639. Forti, P., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Lucicesare, A., Olivelli, V., Mariani, E., Mecocci, P. and Ravaglia, G., 2010. Metabolic syndrome and risk of dementia in older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,58(3), pp.487-492. Goodman, C., Evans, C., Wilcock, J., Froggatt, K., Drennan, V., Sampson, E., Blanchard, M., Bissett, M. and Iliffe, S., 2010. End of life care for community dwelling older people with dementia: an integrated review.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,25(4), pp.329-337. Moyle, W., Borbasi, S., Wallis, M., Olorenshaw, R. and Gracia, N., 2011. Acute care management of older people with dementia: a qualitative perspective.Journal of clinical nursing,20(3 4), pp.420-428. Potter, R., Ellard, D., Rees, K. and Thorogood, M., 2011. A systematic review of the effects of physical activity on physical functioning, quality of life and depression in older people with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,26(10), pp.1000-1011. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W. and Ferri, C.P., 2013. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis.Alzheimer's Dementia,9(1), pp.63-75. Scandol, J.P., Toson, B. and Close, J.C., 2013. Fall-related hip fracture hospitalisations and the prevalence of dementia within older people in New South Wales, Australia: an analysis of linked data.Injury,44(6), pp.776-783. Sinclair, A.J., Paolisso, G., Castro, M., Bourdel-Marchasson, I., Gadsby, R. and Maas, L.R., 2011. European Diabetes Working Party for Older People 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summary.Diabetes metabolism,37, pp.S27-S38. Sousa, R.M., Dewey, M.E., Acosta, D., Jotheeswaran, A.T., Castro Costa, E., Ferri, C.P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K.S., Pichardo, J.G.R. and Ramirez, N.G., 2010. Measuring disability across culturesThe psychometric properties of the WHODAS II in older people from seven low and middle income countries. The 10/66 Dementia Research Group population based survey.International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research,19(1), pp.1-17. Sousa, R.M., Ferri, C.P., Acosta, D., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K.S., Jotheeswaran, A.T., Hernandez, M.A.G., Liu, Z., Pichardo, G.R. and Rodriguez, J.J.L., 2010. The contribution of chronic diseases to the prevalence of dependence among older people in Latin America, China and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey.BMC geriatrics,10(1), p.1. Strydom, A., Shooshtari, S., Lee, L., Raykar, V., Torr, J., Tsiouris, J., Jokinen, N., Courtenay, K., Bass, N., Sinnema, M. and Maaskant, M., 2010. Dementia in older adults with intellectual disabilitiesepidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis.Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities,7(2), pp.96-110. Sydenham, E., Dangour, A.D. and Lim, W.S., 2012. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia.Sao Paulo Medical Journal,130(6), pp.419-419. Tsopelas, C., Stewart, R., Savva, G.M., Brayne, C., Ince, P., Thomas, A. and Matthews, F.E., 2011. Neuropathological correlates of late-life depression in older people.The British Journal of Psychiatry,198(2), pp.109-114. van der Steen, J.T., Radbruch, L., Hertogh, C.M., de Boer, M.E., Hughes, J.C., Larkin, P., Francke, A.L., Jnger, S., Gove, D., Firth, P. and Koopmans, R.T., 2013. White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care.Palliative medicine, p.0269216313493685. Wall, M. and Duffy, A., 2010. The effects of music therapy for older people with dementia.British Journal of Nursing,19(2), pp.108-113. Witlox, J., Eurelings, L.S., de Jonghe, J.F., Kalisvaart, K.J., Eikelenboom, P. and Van Gool, W.A., 2010. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis.Jama,304(4), pp.443-451. Yaffe, K., Laffan, A.M., Harrison, S.L., Redline, S., Spira, A.P., Ensrud, K.E., Ancoli-Israel, S. and Stone, K.L., 2011. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women.Jama,306(6), pp.613-619. Yaffe, K., Falvey, C.M., Hamilton, N., Harris, T.B., Simonsick, E.M., Strotmeyer, E.S., Shorr, R.I., Metti, A. and Schwartz, A.V., 2013. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus.JAMA internal medicine,173(14), pp.1300-1306.

Small Company Y2k Report Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL

Small Company Y2k Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Testing Procedure 3. Hardware and Software Compliance 4. Summary 1. Introduction Year 2000, Y2K or Millennium Bug! What is it? It is a problem resulting from the common programming practice of using only two-digits to store the year in software. The practice dates back to the 1950's when computers began to be used for business purposes. Using two digits for dates is benign and causes no harm so long as the next year is a larger number than the current year. For example software applications that use dates have no problem with the sequence of 95,96,97,98 and 99. However, when the century ends, the year 2000 will be stored as 00. Calculations or decisions, based on dates or time periods, can go seriously wrong. How is it fixed? Inregard to personal and small business computers, the problem is three fold. Firstly, the computer hardware must report the current date correctly. Many computers, especially early Pentiums, 486, 386 and 286 based machines, will on the 1st January 2000 Revert back to 1 April 1980 or some other date. Thus creating a potential problem until the correct date is re-entered - provided of course that the computer can be set manually to a date beyond 311299. Calculation of Leap Year dates may also be incorrect on some computers. Secondly, the computer software must carry out the correct calculations based on a four-digit year (e.g. 1999 or 2000 etc) rather than just using the last two digits. The supplier or manufacturer of the software should be approached to ascertain the compliance of their code, or their schedule to have it corrected and distributed. Thirdly, your data must be in the correct format - namely year described as a four-digit number. If your dates have been entered as described above (that is 15th Feb 1955 entered as 150255), then you have a data conversion to be carried out. Testing Procedure To determine if Windows NT 4.0 ,Win95 and would roll to the appropriate date, the control panel applet DATE&TIME(d&t) was used to change the dates. The machines d&t were set to the day before each date outlined in the memo. The machine date was changed to a control time of 11:59:45 PM in each case. The machine date was then allowed to roll to the date in question. The machine d&t was then reset to the previous date and control time. This time the machine was rebooted while the time was rolling to the date in question. In each case, after the time rolled, the date was checked to find the correct date. WinNT and Win95 Explorer was then opened and a file in the 'c:\winnt' and 'c:\windows' directory was changed to check whether or not a saved file corresponded with the correct date. The data from these tests is defined in the following table. 'Data & Time Tested' column are the Control values found in the memo. Both 'Post Test Date' columns are the dates found in each instance after the date rolled from the 'Date&Time Tested' column to the date in question. The 'Post Explorer check' was tested to see if the machine reported the right time. 'Post modification dates' are file dates after the file was saved to check the corresponding date. In each test, no problems with the d&t were encountered. Results: The testing actually caused several different things to happen to the OS. Whenever I rolled the date forward, The following directories changed the date associated with them: Windows NT Test C:\Winnt, C:\Winnt\System32, C:\Winnt\Fonts, C:\Temp. Windows 95 Test C:\Windows, C:\Windows\System, C:\Windows\Fonts, C:\Temp This seemed strange because the machine time stamp wouldn't roll back when the time was changed backwards, but this isn't part of the test procedure. When the time actually changes the date will roll forward and stay. It won't roll backwards. I don't know if this affects the testing but it would be totally impossible to rebuild the machine each time the test was run. This would take many hours to do and it probably won't affect the data anyway. Before I started testing, I looked on the Internet to see what Microsoft said about WinNT 4.0, Win95 and the y2k problem. On this site, there are links to all Microsoft Products. For WinNT 4.0, there were 4